To clarify the subjective influencing factors of farmers’ participation in household waste classification, based on 795 micro survey data of farmers in Gansu Province, an ordered Logit model was constructed within the framework of the “consciousness-context-behavior” model to explore the impact of various dimensions of pro-environmental awareness and their interactive effects on farmers’ household waste classification behavior. The heterogeneous effects of restrictive and guiding regulations in the relationship between “pro-environmental awareness household waste classification behavior” were further analyzed. The results indicate that: 1) In various dimensions of pro-environmental awareness, environmental emotions and environmental knowledge have a significant positive impact on farmers’ participation in household waste classification. 2) The interaction between environmental emotion and environmental knowledge, environmental responsibility and environmental attitude has a significant positive impact on farmers’ participation in household waste classification. 3) Both restrictive and guiding environmental regulations play a regulatory role in the “consciousness behavior” relationship, and the regulatory effect varies depending on the specific path. Pro-environmental awareness and environmental regulations are important factors that affect the household waste classification behavior of farmers. Therefore, it is recommended to innovate the publicity and education methods for rural household waste classification, effectively enhancing farmers’ environmental knowledge and emotions,enrich the forms of promotional activities and fully leverage the “amplifier” role within the various dimensions of stimulating pro-environmental awareness, strengthen the leading role of party members and cadres, and subtly encourage farmers to participate in household waste classification, further optimize environmental regulation policies and promote farmers’ wider and deeper participation in the practice of household waste classification by creating an environment where leniency and strictness are combined.
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