我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标和适宜施氮量初步研究

孙洪仁 ,  朱凯迪 ,  王彦 ,  张吉萍 ,  王尚波 ,  王志栋

中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (7) : 58 -67.

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中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (7) : 58 -67. DOI: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.07.06

我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标和适宜施氮量初步研究

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Preliminary study on abundance-deficiency index of soil nitrogen and appropriate N application rates for grapes in China

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摘要

为建立我国葡萄测土推荐施肥系统,本研究检索了我国葡萄施氮的相关文献,提取土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量,缺氮处理和施氮处理的产量数据,采用作物土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统研究新方法,研究了我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标与适宜施氮量。结果表明:我国葡萄土壤有机质第1~8级丰缺指标依次为≥75、36~75、17~36、8~17、4~8、2~4、1~2和<1 g/kg,土壤碱解氮第1~8级丰缺指标依次为≥288、158~288、87~158、48~87、26~48、15~26、8~15和<8 mg/kg。当氮肥利用率为30%~50%、葡萄目标产量15.0~60.0 t/hm2时,氮素丰缺级别第1~8级土壤适宜施氮量分别为0、14~90、27~180、41~270、54~360、68~450、81~540和95~630 kg/hm2。本研究初步建立了我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标推荐施肥系统,可为我国葡萄测土施氮提供依据。

Abstract

To lay a theoretical basis for grapes soil testing and fertilizer recommendation in China, this study retrieved literature on grapes N fertilization in China, extracted the data of soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen(SAHN), as well as the yield for N deficiency and N application treatments. A new study method for recommended fertilization system of crop based on soil nutrient abundance and deficiency index (ADI) were employed to investigate the ADI of soil nitrogen and the appropriate N application rates (ANAR) for grapes in China. The results showed that: The ADI of SOM for the 1st to 8th level were ≥75, 36-75, 17-36, 8-17, 4-8, 2-4, 1-2 and <1 g/kg, respectively; The ADI of SAHN for grapes in China for the 1st to 8th level were ≥288, 158-288, 87-158, 48-87, 26-48, 15-26, 8-15 and <8 mg/kg, respectively; When the N fertilizer utilization efficiency was 30%-50%, and the yield target of grapes was 15.0-60.0 t/hm2, the ANAR for the soil N abundance and deficiency levels of from 1st to 8th were 0, 14-90, 27-180, 41-270, 54-360, 68-450, 81-540 and 95-630 kg/hm2, respectively. This study established the system of recommended N application rates for grapes in China based on ADI of soil nitrogen and provided scientific basis for soil testing and N fertilizer recommendation of grapes in China.

Graphical abstract

关键词

中国 / 葡萄 / 测土施肥 / 碱解氮 / 全氮 / 有机质 / 丰缺指标 / 施肥量

Key words

China / grapes / soil testing and fertilizer recommendation / alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen / total nitrogen / organic matter / abundance-deficiency index / fertilizer application rate

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
孙洪仁,朱凯迪,王彦,张吉萍,王尚波,王志栋. 我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标和适宜施氮量初步研究[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2024, 29(7): 58-67 DOI:10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.07.06

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葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)是全球四大果树之一,我国四大园林水果之一。我国葡萄种植面积约80万hm2,位列世界前三;产量约1 500万t,稳居全球第一[1]。科学施肥是作物优质高产的前提基础。20世纪40年代,美国著名植物营养学家Bray先生[2-3]创建了测土推荐施肥的土壤养分丰缺指标法,广泛应用于世界各国。我国作物土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统研究起步较晚[4-5],始于20世纪80年代。截至目前,玉米、小麦、水稻和马铃薯等一些重要作物的若干区域土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统已经建立起来[6-9]。然而,关于葡萄土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统的研究至今未见报道。之所以包括葡萄在内的诸多小作物土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统研究颇为薄弱,是因为这些小作物的科研投入强度偏低,难以支撑需要大量资金支持和专家投入的土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统研究。本研究团队于2013年创建了作物土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统研究新方法[10-12]。以“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法新应用公式”为核心的新方法,可以有效克服科研投入强度偏低问题。采用新方法,我国诸多小作物的土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统得以成功建立,如燕麦[13]、甜菜[14]、甘蔗[15]、苹果[16]、苜蓿[17]、谷子[18]、桃[19]和大麦[20]等。本研究拟采用该新方法开展我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标和适宜施氮量研究,旨在建立我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标推荐施肥系统,以期为我国葡萄测土施氮奠定科学基础。

1 材料与方法

利用中国知网等数据库资源,搜集于我国境内开展的葡萄施氮研究的文献。选择含有缺氮处理产量、施氮处理产量、土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量的文献,提取数据,计算葡萄缺氮处理相对产量。计算公式如下:

R-N=Y-N÷YN×100%

式中:R-N为缺氮处理相对产量,无量纲;Y-N为缺氮处理产量,t/hm2;YN为施氮处理产量,t/hm2。

利用Excel软件,建立土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量与葡萄缺氮处理相对产量的回归方程。采用土壤养分丰缺分级改良方案[18],利用葡萄缺氮处理相对产量与土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量回归方程,计算葡萄土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮丰缺指标。

采用确定作物适宜施肥量的“养分平衡-地力差减法新应用公式”[11-12],计算不同目标产量和不同肥料利用率情形下不同丰缺级别土壤的适宜施氮量。

FN=Yt×Nu×(1-R-N)÷EN

式中:FN为适宜施氮量,kg/hm2;Yt为目标产量,t/hm2;Nu为单位经济产量氮素吸收量,kg/t;R-N为缺氮处理相对产量,无量纲;EN为氮素利用率,无量纲。

将葡萄目标产量确定为如下7个:15.0、22.5、30.0、37.5、45.0、52.5和60.0 t/hm2。依据文献[21-30]确定葡萄单位经济产量氮素吸收量(N)为4.5 kg/t。目标产量和单位经济产量氮素吸收量之积为目标产量氮素吸收量,7个葡萄目标产量氮素吸收量依次为67.50、101.25、135.00、168.75、202.50、236.25和270.00 kg/hm2。

选取缺氮处理相对产量下限作为该丰缺级别的缺氮处理相对产量。

将氮素利用率设定为:30%、35%、40%、45%和50%。

2 结果与分析

2.1 我国葡萄施氮研究及与土壤氮素丰缺指标研究相关的信息

搜集到我国开展的含有缺氮处理产量、施氮处理产量、土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量的葡萄施氮试验可用文献总计60篇[23,31-89]。其中1980―1989年1篇[31]、1990―1999年1篇[32]、2000―2009年10篇[23,33-41]、2010―2019年35篇[42-76]、2020―2023年13篇[77-89];盆栽试验2篇[32,63],设施栽培试验13篇[32,50,59,63-64,70,73,78-79,85,87-89],余者均为田间试验。上述研究涉及品种近30个、土壤类型20余个、旗县市区30余个。从上述文献中提取出土壤有机质含量、缺氮处理和施氮处理产量数据61组,土壤全氮含量、缺氮处理和施氮处理产量数据31组,土壤碱解氮含量、缺氮处理和施氮处理产量数据58组,进而分别得到缺氮处理相对产量与有机质、全氮和土壤碱解氮含量配套数据61、58和31对。我国葡萄施氮试验文献中,土壤碱解氮、全氮和有机质质量分数范围依次为9.81~196 mg/kg、0.23~2.20 g/kg和2.36~42.3 g/kg,缺氮处理相对产量范围为24.31%~116.79%,施氮处理施氮量范围为37~1 533 kg/hm2,集中于60~600 kg/hm2。

2.2 我国葡萄缺氮处理相对产量与土壤氮素含量回归方程

剔除部分明显偏离群体和不合理数据后,建立我国土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量与葡萄缺氮处理相对产量回归方程,见式(3)~(5)和图1。土壤有机质和碱解氮含量与缺氮处理相对产量回归方程皆达到了极显著水平,且均为自然对数相关。缺氮处理相对产量与土壤全氮含量回归方程未达到显著水平,但呈现自然对数相关趋势。

y=13.482ln(x)+41.953(r=0.546 7,n=55, P<0.01)
y=7.684ln(x)+76.660(r=0.369 1,n=25,P>0.05)
y=16.641ln(x)+5.801(r=0.685 1,n=51,P<0.01)

式中:y为缺氮处理相对产量,无量纲;x为土壤氮素质量分数,g/kg。式(3)中,y数据范围为24.31%~116.79%,x范围为2.36~40.60 g/kg。式(4)中,y数据范围为54.62%~92.85%,x范围为0.29~2.20 g/kg。式(5)中,y数据范围为24.31%~116.79%,x范围为9.81~196 mg/kg。

2.3 我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标

借助式(3)和式(5)计算出缺氮处理相对产量100%、95%、90%、80%、70%、60%、50%、40%、30%、20%和10%对应的土壤碱解氮质量分数依次为287.3、212.8、157.6、86.4、47.4、26.0、14.2、7.8、4.3、2.4和1.3 mg/kg,土壤有机质质量分数依次为74.1、51.1、35.3、16.8、8.0、3.8、1.8、0.9、0.4、0.2和0.1 g/kg。舍弃部分外推数据,得到我国葡萄土壤碱解氮和有机质丰缺指标(表1)。其中,第1和第8级丰缺指标皆为外推数据,目前生产实践中极少出现。

2.4 我国葡萄适宜施氮量

我国葡萄适宜施氮量见表2。当氮素利用率为30%~50%、目标产量15.0~60.0 t/hm2时葡萄第1~8级土壤适宜施氮量分别为0、14~90、27~180、41~270、54~360、68~450、81~540和95~630 kg/hm2。当目标产量和氮素利用率一定时,葡萄适宜施氮量与土壤氮素丰缺级别呈线性负相关。丰缺级别越高,推荐施氮量越低,直至为零。当氮素利用率和土壤氮素丰缺级别一定时,葡萄适宜施氮量与目标产量呈线性正相关,目标产量越高,推荐施氮量越高。当土壤氮素丰缺级别和目标产量一定时,葡萄适宜施氮量与氮素利用率呈线性负相关,氮素利用率越低,推荐施氮量越高。

3 讨论

3.1 我国葡萄缺氮处理相对产量与土壤氮素含量回归关系

关于作物缺素处理相对产量与土壤养分含量回归方程的样本数量,学者们普遍认为至少应为20~30个[2-5,90],澳大利亚的规定为不少于9个[91]。本研究样本数量为25~55个,满足了基本要求。但鉴于我国幅员辽阔,气候、土壤类型多样,加之“零散实验数据整合法”所整合的诸多施肥试验皆为独立开展,无总体规划,具体的试验设计和操作方法亦无统一规范,样本数量还是偏少。依据经验推测,样本数量100个以上较为理想。因此,建议业界人士努力开展葡萄施肥试验研究。

关于数据质量,澳大利亚联邦政府[91-93]的规定颇为详尽,比如对试验研究进行质量分级,质量低者较大概率予以弃用。本研究未对文献进行分级,只是在利用Excel表制作回归关系图的过程中,弃用少量存在明显问题的文献,剔除少量严重偏离群体的数据。这样做有利于保证样本数量最大化。

澳大利亚联邦政府[91]规定,回归方程的相关系数应大于或等于0.20,实践上大多为0.25~0.70。本研究所得葡萄缺氮处理相对产量与土壤氮素含量回归方程的相关系数为0.37~0.69,碱解氮高于全氮和有机质。

3.2 我国葡萄土壤碱解氮丰缺指标

我国玉米[6]、小麦[7]、水稻[8]、马铃薯[9]、燕麦[10]、甜菜[11]、苜蓿[14]、谷子[15]、桃[16]和大麦[17]缺氮处理相对产量90%对应的土壤碱解氮指标范围为80~250 mg/kg,本研究在葡萄上的结果为158 mg/kg,处于范围中间,可靠性较高。

3.3 我国葡萄土壤有机质丰缺指标

我国玉米[6]、小麦[7]、水稻[8]、苜蓿[14]、谷子[15]、桃[16]和大麦[17]缺氮处理相对产量90%对应的土壤有机质指标范围为20~50 g/kg,本研究在葡萄上的结果为36 g/kg,介于范围内,较为可信。

3.4 我国葡萄适宜施氮量

本研究引用的葡萄施氮试验[23,31-89]的施氮量为37~1 533 kg/hm2,集中于60~600 kg/hm2。本研究结果为:当氮素利用率为30%、35%、40%、45%和50%时,适宜施氮量范围依次为0~630、0~540、0~473、0~420和0~378 kg/hm2;若剔除目前生产实践中极少出现的第1和8级,则氮素利用率为30%、35%、40%、45%和50%时对应的适宜施氮量范围分别为23~540、19~463、17~405、15~360和14~324 kg/hm2。本研究适宜施氮量研究结果与众位专家学者在葡萄施氮试验中采用的施氮量颇为接近,可以认为本研究结果较为可靠。

4 结论

本研究初步建立了我国葡萄缺氮处理相对产量与土壤氮素含量回归方程,初步确定我国葡萄土壤有机质第1~8级丰缺指标依次为≥75、36~75、17~36、8~17、4~8、2~4、1~2和<1 g/kg,土壤碱解氮第1~8级丰缺指标依次为≥288、158~288、87~158、48~87、26~48、15~26、8~15和<8 mg/kg。当氮肥利用率为30%~50%、葡萄目标产量15.0~60.0 t/hm2时,氮素丰缺级别第1~8级土壤适宜施氮量分别为0、14~90、27~180、41~270、54~360、68~450、81~540和95~630 kg/hm2。

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