In order to explore and compare the status of forestry industry construction in countries around the world and to promote the further construction of strong forestry industry in China, a performance evaluation system was developed to assess forestry sector competitiveness. Utilizing data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations database, covering the top 50 countries or economies in forestry import and export values from 2001 to 2020, this study employed entropy weighting to assign weights to indicators and calculate the composite index for comparative analysis. The entropy weight method was utilized to allocate weights to indicators and measure the comprehensive index of each country for comparative analysis. The results indicate that: 1) At the beginning of the 21st century, China ranked among the leading nations in the forestry industry but displayed characteristics of being “big but not fine”. Subsequently, China implemented forestry industry development policies to stabilize its position within the top five nations in the forestry industry by leveraging China’s international forestry influence. 2) While the ranking of industry powerhouses and quasi-forestry industry powerhouses remain generally stable, the development across all dimensions is marked as uneven and insufficient. 3) The obstacle dimension hindering China’s forestry industry powerhouse development is forestry resource competitiveness, while the advantage dimension lies in the impact of forestry globalization competitiveness. Aiming to align with the internationalization process of the emerging forestry industry, based on the international comparisons, China’s inspiration is put forwarded from three perspectives of China’s position, country comparisons and dimensions of advantages and disadvantages.
综上所述,鲜有研究以林业产业国际竞争力为切入点,构建相关的竞争力绩效指标体系,从全球视角出发,测度出中国在新林业国际化进程中的林业产业竞争力并与其他国家进行比较分析。在新林业国际化不断推进的新时代进程中,需要构建一套林业产业强国的评价体系,测度并确定中国林业产业在全球范围内所处的位置,总结中国林业产业近年来所取得的成效并进行国际比较,以满足林业国际化新需求、应对林业国际化新挑战、适应林业国际化新模式,这不仅是中国林业产业强国建设的必要条件,也对履行中国林业产业强国担当和提供中国林业产业强国方案具有重要意义。本研究借鉴魏后凯等[29]设定产业强国评价体系的思路,结合林业产业自身的特点与其他学者分析林业产业强国所应该具备的必要特征,形成了全球林业产业竞争力绩效 (Competitiveness of Forestry Performance,CFP) 综合指数,然后利用联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)2001—2020年各国林业产业的相关数据,主要测度了全球林业产业强国与准林业产业强国的现实情况与动态变化,旨在运用国际比较的方法从综合指数和不同维度2个方面找出中国林业产业的深层问题与努力方向,为中国林业产业能够“走出去”,在林业产业强国建设中“走得稳”,在全球林业产业发展的各个方面取长补短以“走得前”提供中国启示,基于此,构建了林业产业强国评价、比较和分析的研究框架(图1)。
2 林业产业强国测度指标
2.1 指标体系构成
参考高旺盛等[30]对世界农业强国竞争力绩效评价的研究,本研究借鉴联合国工业发展组织(UNIDO)于2013年提出的工业竞争力绩效(Competitiveness of Industrial Performance,CIP)指数测度方法,在构建林业产业强国测度指标体系时,既注重林业产业强国与工业强国均对全球有重要影响的共同之处[31],又注重林业产业发展更依赖于自然资源的差异性特点[32],最终纳入林业资源的竞争力、林业产业重要性的竞争力、政府与市场对林业支持的竞争力与林业全球化影响的竞争力4个维度,构建出一套具备科学性、综合性与可比性的林业产业强国测度指标体系,以考察全球各国的林业产业发展情况及其演进特征。构成CFP的4个维度中,林业产业重要性的竞争力与林业全球化影响竞争力2个维度是完全对标CIP中生产与出口能力维度、对全球生产和贸易影响力维度来设计的,林业资源竞争力维度则是考虑到林业产业竞争力需要强调林业的生态属性[33],政府与市场对林业支持竞争力维度则是考虑到林业产业的发展必须要依赖于政策的有效实施和市场的良性运行[34]。在林业资源竞争力维度,本研究采用人均林业用地面积、人均森林蓄积量和人均年造林面积3个指标来表征;在林业产业重要性的竞争力维度,采用人均林业增加值与林业增加值占GDP比重2个指标来表征;在政府与市场对林业支持竞争力维度,采用林业产业受官方的援助流量总额在援助流量总额中所占份额、林业政府投入与林业研发投入3个指标来表征,其中林业政府投入与林业研发投入无重叠部分,即林业研发投入只包括社会与企业资本等主体在林业科技创新方面的投入;在林业全球化影响竞争力维度,采用林业增加值占全球林业增加值的比重、林业出口值占全球林业出口值的比重与林业进口值占全球林业进口值的比重3个维度来表征(表1)。
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