To enrich the diversity of food certification labeling in the consumer market, optimize the decision-making of food enterprises on the use of food certification labeling and improve the construction of the government's system of food certification labeling, based on the choice experiment method, the consumer preference and willingness to pay for food certification labeling are measured with the multinomial logit and latent class logit models. A total of 1 311 consumer samples with pure milk are taken as study object. The results indicate that:1) Consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for food certification labeling in descending order is as follows: geographical indication, animal welfare labeling, carbon labeling, organic food labeling, and green food labeling. 2) Consumers with lower age and higher education have a higher preference for animal welfare labeling, and those with higher income have a higher preference for carbon labeling.3) Based on the heterogeneity of preference, consumers can be divided into ‘green and healthy food seekers’ who are mostly urban residents and ‘animal welfare seekers’ who are young and highly educated. In conclusion, the heterogeneity of consumers' food certification labeling preference provides a reference basis for food suppliers’ certification decisions and the government’s certification system arrangements.
我国对食品安全相关问题的关注点从过去的重在食品数量安全逐渐转向注重食品的质量和营养安全。根据Lancaster K J[10]提出的微观效用理论,消费者的效用并不是来源于商品本身,而是来源于商品中所囊括的各种属性和特征。消费者选择该产品,本质上是选择该产品所具备的产品属性。食品认证标签属于食品质量属性中的外部属性[11]。国内外研究大多利用显示性偏好(Revealed preference)和陈述性偏好(Stated preference)分析方法测度消费者对食品认证标签的偏好和支付意愿。
现有研究中关注较多的是具有完备认证制度的传统标签,即测度消费者对绿色标签、有机标签和地理标志的偏好和支付意愿。绿色标签表示该产品是生长在优质的环境中,符合绿色食品标准的生产要求,限量使用限定的化学合成物质,积极采用生物方法,严格采取控制整个过程质量的方式,以取得绿色食品标志使用权的安全有保障、质量优秀的农产品。已有研究[12-14]分别运用拍卖实验法、特征价格法和条件估值法,以番茄、苹果和马铃薯为研究对象,研究结果均表明消费者愿意为绿色标签支付一定的溢价。有机标签是指该产品生产过程中严格按照有机农业原则和有机农产品生产方式,不使用化学合成的有害于环境和人体健康的物质。已有研究[15-16]运用拍卖实验法分别以鸡蛋和大米为研究对象,研究结果均表明相较于普通农产品,消费者对有机标签农产品有更高的支付意愿。刘志娟等[17]运用选择实验法以羊肉作为研究对象,发现消费者对有机标签表现出较高的支付意愿。地理标志是说明某种产品产自某个地区,并且该地区的自然和人文因素造就了该产品独特的品质、信誉或其他特征的一种标志。周安宁等[18]利用特征价格法对“碧螺春”茶叶进行研究,发现我国消费者对地理标志有显著的正向支付意愿。以牛奶为研究对象,现有关于传统标签的研究主要探讨消费者对有机标签的偏好和支付意愿。Zhu Z G等[19]运用选择实验法发现消费者对有机标签有较高的支付意愿并对双重有机标签和三重有机标签的支付意愿更高。
现有研究关注的另一个焦点是认证制度正逐步完善的新型标签,即测度消费者对碳标签和动物福利标签的偏好和支付意愿。碳标签是告知消费者产品在全生命周期中产生的温室气体排放量的一种标签,能够有效地使产品碳排放量信息变得透明,从而方便消费者购买和消费符合低碳标准的产品[20]。张孝宇等[21]运用条件估值法对蔬菜进行研究,发现消费者愿意为碳标签支付一定的溢价。关于动物福利,国际社会通常认为动物福利应包括5个方面的福利,即生理方面、环境方面、卫生方面、行为方面以及心理方面的福利。吴林海等[22]、Liang Y M等[23]运用选择实验法对猪肉进行研究,发现卫生动物福利是在5个动物福利属性中消费者最偏好的,其次是生理方面的动物福利和环境方面的动物福利。以牛奶为研究对象,现有关于新型标签的研究主要探讨消费者对碳标签和动物福利标签的偏好和支付意愿。Zhao R等[24]和张红等[20]分别运用拍卖实验法和选择实验法发现消费者愿意为碳标签支付一定的溢价。Liang Y M等[25]运用离散选择实验法发现消费者对动物福利标签有明显的偏好。
Fishbein M[28]提出的合理行为理论认为消费者购买决策是在一定需求动机驱使下的理性选择过程,个体特征是消费者做出选择的影响因素之一。已有研究[29-31]表明,消费者的收入和受教育程度对绿色标签、有机标签和地理标志的偏好有显著影响。陈默等[12]发现女性、年轻和受教育程度高的消费者更偏好有机标签,年长消费者更偏好绿色标签。张孝宇等[21]以及Xu M M等[32]发现消费者的受教育程度、性别、年龄和收入水平对碳标签的偏好有影响。马群等[33]和Bozzo G等[34]发现收入状况好和受教育程度高的人对动物福利有更高的支付意愿。
采用一致的赤池信息准则(Consistent akaike information criterion,CAIC)和贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)确定类别数,越小的CAIC和BIC表示越好的模型适配度。表6示出不同类别数相对应的CAIC和BIC的值,可见CAIC和BIC均在类别数为2时取最小值。
首先,根据潘丹[61]的做法,采用样本调整方式进行检验。去除样本中总是选择“都不买”选项的样本,对剩余样本重新进行回归。Meyerhoff J等[62]认为,若样本中存在部分被调查者总是选择“不选择”选项会导致“现状效应(Status quo effect)”产生,从而影响回归结果。因此,本研究剔除了60个样本,对剩余样本采用与表中方程相同的回归方程和计量方法重新进行回归,回归结果(表8)与表3结果基本一致,表明本研究的模型估计结果有较强的稳健性。
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