5-氨基乙酰丙酸在植物非生物胁迫与生长中的作用研究

张政达 ,  康珍 ,  刘涛 ,  胡晓辉

中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10) : 97 -107.

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中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10) : 97 -107. DOI: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.10.08

5-氨基乙酰丙酸在植物非生物胁迫与生长中的作用研究

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The study of the role of 5-Aminolevulinic acid in plant growth and response to abiotic stress

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摘要

为了提供更有效的非生物胁迫抗性改良策略,本研究综述了5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, ALA)在生物体内的合成途径以及其在提高植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性和调节植物生长方面的作用机制。结果表明:1)ALA的生物合成主要通过C5路径和Shemin路径进行,二者在不同生物体中因适应其特有的生理和生态需求而有所侧重。2)作为卟啉类化合物的前体,ALA在植物光合作用和代谢过程中扮演关键角色。3)通过影响植物基因表达、代谢调控和信号转导等途径,ALA提升了植物的抗逆性。4)进一步的研究将集中于探索ALA的具体分子机制和信号传导路径,并开发新的途径以利用ALA提高作物品质和增加农业生产力。总的来说,ALA在农业生产和科学研究领域展示出巨大的研究潜力和应用前景,但要充分发挥其潜力和效用,还需深入研究其具体分子机制,并进一步确定ALA作为植物信号分子的角色及其具体受体的存在。本研究不仅为园艺植物提供更有效的非生物胁迫抗性改良策略,也为在全球气候变化和环境压力日益增大的背景下保障作物的稳定和可持续生产提供了理论基础。

Abstract

To develop more effective strategies for enhancing abiotic stress resistance in horticultural plants, this study reviews the biosynthesis pathways of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its mechanisms in improving plant tolerance to abiotic stress and regulating plant growth. The results indicated that: 1) The biosynthesis of ALA mainly occurs through the C5 pathway and the Shemin pathway, which are emphasized in different organisms to adapt to their unique physiological and ecological needs.2) As a precursor of porphyrin compounds, ALA plays a crucial role in plant photosynthesis and metabolic processes.3) ALA enhances plant stress tolerance by influencing gene expression, metabolic regulation, and signal transduction. 4) Further research will focus on exploring the specific molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ALA, as well as developing new approaches to utilize ALA for improving crop quality and increasing agricultural productivity. Overall, ALA demonstrates significant research potential and practical applications in agricultural production and scientific research. However, to fully harness its potential and effectiveness, in-depth studies on its specific molecular mechanisms are required, as well as further identification of ALA's role as a plant signaling molecule and the existence of its specific receptors. The study not only provides more effective strategies for improving abiotic stress resistance in horticultural plants but also offer a theoretical basis for ensuring stable and sustainable crop production under the increasing challenges of global climate change and environmental stress.

Graphical abstract

关键词

5-氨基乙酰丙酸 / 非生物胁迫 / 生长发育 / 调控机制

Key words

5-aminolevulinic acid / abiotic stress / growth and development / regulatory mechanism

引用本文

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张政达,康珍,刘涛,胡晓辉. 5-氨基乙酰丙酸在植物非生物胁迫与生长中的作用研究[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2024, 29(10): 97-107 DOI:10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.10.08

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非生物胁迫是指在特定环境下任何非生物因素对植物造成的不利影响,从而引起植物生长发育等生物学过程的变化,其主要包括高温胁迫、低温胁迫、干旱胁迫、盐胁迫和重金属胁迫[1]。非生物胁迫严重影响了植物的生长和发育,导致世界作物总产量减少50%[2-3]。世界上45%的农田经常面临缺水问题[4],全球约有超过10亿hm2的土地受到盐胁迫的影响[5]。我国幅员辽阔,各地气候及地理因素不尽相同,如何应对复杂多变的非生物胁迫对作物的影响一直是科研工作者面临的巨大挑战之一[6-7]。非生物胁迫严重制约我国园艺业的发展,因此亟需有效解决这一问题。
研究人员正在不断致力于寻找提高植物抗逆能力的途径,并阐明其中的机制。喷洒外源调节物质如茉莉酸[8]、褪黑激素[9]、5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, ALA)[10]和水杨酸[11]可以有效缓解植物所受的非生物胁迫。其中,ALA作为一种非蛋白类氨基酸,最早在鸭血中发现,被鉴定为原卟啉的来源[12],ALA广泛存在于植物、动物和微生物中[13]。由于ALA具有无毒、易降解和高效等优点,在提高植物抗逆性、促进生长和改善作物品质方面展现出巨大潜力,正逐步从基础研究走向农业应用[14-16]。本研究综述了ALA在光合自养生物中的生物合成及其在改善植物生长及缓解非生物胁迫方面的研究进展,旨在为增强园艺作物的抗逆性提供理论支持。

1 ALA的生物合成途径

ALA是卟啉类化合物的合成前体,包括血红素、叶绿素、维生素B12以及植物色胆素等[17],在ALA代谢过程和合成途径中有许多重要的调节因子(图1)[17]。不管是在异养生物还是在光合自养生物中,ALA的生物合成都是一个重要的生物过程。值得注意的是,ALA在异养生物和光合自养生物中的合成途径不同。在异养生物中ALA是由琥珀酰辅酶A(Succinyl-CoA)和甘氨酸(Glycine, Gly)通过柠檬酸合成酶(Citrate synthase, EC: 2.3.1.37)合成而来,这一合成途径称为Beale或C5途径[18]。ALA在光合自养生物中的这一合成过程被成为Beale或者C5途径[19]。在光合自养生物中,ALA的合成需要3种不同的酶,并从TCA循环产生的谷氨酸(Glutamic, Glu)开始(图2)。首先,Glu在谷氨酰-tRNA合成酶(GluTS, EC: 6.1.1.17)的催化下形成谷氨酰-tRNA(Glutamyl-tRNA, Glu-tRNA);然后,Glu-tRNA在谷氨酰-tRNA还原酶(GluTR, EC: 1.2.1.70)的催化下形成谷氨酸1-半醛(Glutamate 1-semialdehyde, GSA);最后,GSA在GSA转氨酶(GSAT, EC: 5.4.3.8)的作用下生成ALA[20]。不同生物的ALA合成场所也不相同。例如,动物和真菌的ALA合成酶主要位于线粒体中,而植物体内ALA通常在质体中合成[13]。

2 ALA在缓解植物非生物胁迫中的作用

2.1 ALA在缓解植物低温胁迫中的作用

极端低温的频繁出现每年对全球农业造成了巨大的损失,严重威胁世界的粮食安全[22-23]。低温条件下,植物体内的活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)平衡被破坏,导致ROS积聚,这种积聚促进了细胞膜脂过氧化,使得丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)含量升高,从而损害了细胞膜结构[24]。细胞膜的破损导致细胞质外流并影响细胞器的完整性,降低细胞膜的流动性[22]。而外源ALA可以通过多种机制增强植物对低温的耐受性。外源ALA能够提升抗氧化酶系统的活性和光合作用的效率,增加渗透物质及多胺的含量,激活一氧化氮和γ-氨基丁酸的信号传递,保护细胞器,增强叶绿素合成及叶黄素循环,并调节植物的次生代谢和矿质元素吸收,从而提高了玉米(Zea mays L.)、水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)、辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)和茶(Camellia sinensis L.)等植物的低温耐性(表1)[25-36]。转录组和代谢组联合分析表明,外源ALA通过调节谷胱甘肽代谢、β-丙氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢和淀粉含量增强番茄幼苗的低温耐受性[34-35];同时适当浓度的外源ALA可以激活番茄幼苗叶片中ROS信号通路,通过诱导ROS信号传导加强了AsA-GSH循环,最终增强番茄幼苗的低温耐性[26];外源ALA可以在低温胁迫下上调辣椒叶片中叶绿素相关合成基因(HEMA1、HEMB和FAR1)的表达量来增强辣椒幼苗的低温耐性[31];外源ALA还可以通过调节SlMYB4/SlMYB88-SlGSTU43模块来增强番茄幼苗对ROS的清除能力[36]。

2.2 ALA在缓解植物重金属胁迫中的作用

重金属污染具有难以恢复、持续性强、危害大且易于在生物体内富集等特点,对我国粮食的安全生产造成了极大的威胁[37]。重金属对土壤和植物均具有较强的污染力和毒性,常见的重金属胁迫包括但不限于镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和砷(As)等。其中,虽然砷不是金属,其危害性却与重金属类似,因此研究常将As胁迫列为重金属胁迫[38]。过量的重金属使植物产生氧化胁迫,可以破坏细胞器的结构功能,使植物体内多种生命进程发生紊乱,严重时可导致植物体出现死亡[37]。而少量的重金属会导致植物品质下降,并可通过食物链进入人体,最终威胁人体安全[38]。研究表明,ALA可以通过提高叶绿素含量和光合气体交换能力,保护细胞器的完整性,调节相关蛋白质的合成以及增强抗氧化酶的活性提高油菜(Brassica napus L.)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)、水稻和荸荠(Pisum sativum)等植物的Cd胁迫耐性[39-44](表2)。同样地,ALA可以通过提高抗氧化酶活性和养分吸收,增加光合效率和可溶性蛋白含量,调节Krebs循环,激活ROS信号通路以及促进植物体细胞生长从而提高油菜、大豆(Glycine max L.)、桫椤(Brassica juncea L.)和鼠尾草(Salvia officinalis L.)对Pb胁迫的耐性[45-49]。ALA通过提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase, APX)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)等抗氧化酶活性来增强小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)对As胁迫的耐性[51]。ALA通过提高POD和SOD等抗氧化酶活性及DHAR的表达量、增加光合作用效率和叶绿素的合成来提高葡萄(Vitis vinifera)对Cu胁迫耐性,同时,NCED表达量下调可导致脱落酸和甜菜碱含量降低,进一步证实了ALA的缓解作用[50]。

2.3 ALA在缓解植物盐胁迫中的作用

随着全球变暖导致的气候变化,淡水的消耗增加和化肥的滥用预计将使约50%的灌溉土地面临盐碱化的风险[35]。同时,设施土壤无法经历自然的雨水淋溶过程,加之内部水汽的大量蒸发和植物的蒸腾作用,导致大量无机盐积累,从而使作物遭受严重的盐胁迫[55]。研究表明,盐碱胁迫通常分为2个阶段:初期主要引起渗透胁迫,而后期则以离子毒害为主[56]。盐碱胁迫可导致植物吸收离子的动态平衡被打破,特别是植物细胞体内的Na+/K+平衡,植物通过增加对K+的转运和吸收有助于维持Na+/K+的稳态,从而缓解盐碱胁迫对植物的毒害[57]。而外源ALA通过增加有机酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、叶绿素和血红素含量,调节氮代谢与离子再分布,提高抗氧化酶活性,增强叶绿素的生物合成和AsA-GSH循环,保护细胞器结构,促进根系生长以及激活ROS信号来增强匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)、西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)、芦笋(Asparagus)、油菜、黄瓜、草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch)的盐胁迫耐性[17, 55, 58-63](表3)。研究表明,在NaCl胁迫下,外源ALA提高了油菜幼苗中脯氨酸含量并上调了编码脯氨酸代谢酶基因P5CS和ProDH的表达,提高油菜对NaCl胁迫的耐性[62];ALA还可以通过调节负责水分管理(ANN1,ANN2和PIP1)、次生代谢物产生(P5CS1和CHS)和抗氧化剂相关基因(APX1和GPX3)在植物中的表达来降低芦笋对盐胁迫的敏感性[55];外源ALA通过增加黄瓜幼苗地上部和根系生物量、AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的比例,以及上调了SOS1和HA3的表达水平,促进了AsA-GSH循环以及Na+的外排效率,最终逆转了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的不利影响[61, 64]。

2.4 ALA在缓解作物其它胁迫中的作用

ALA在缓解作物的干旱[65]、UV-B胁迫[66]、光氧化应激[67]和高温胁迫[68]方面也有显著成效。ALA通过促进叶绿素和ABA生物合成,调节卡尔文循环,激活ABA和ROS信号通路,提高细胞中脯氨酸和游离氨基酸总含量以及保护叶绿体膜的稳定性来增强肯塔基蓝草(Poa pratensis L.)、草莓、向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)和香蕉(Musa spp.)对干旱胁迫的耐性[65, 69-71](表4)。其中,ALA通过抑制草莓叶片中的ABA生物合成和信号基因的表达,同时促进根部相应基因的表达,并阻断叶和根中水通道蛋白基因PIP和TIP的表达,从而提高草莓对干旱胁迫的耐性[69]。ALA通过提高APX和CAT酶的活性、叶绿素含量和光合作用效率增强了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)对高温胁迫的耐性[68]。同时,ALA通过提高SOD和过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性以及RBOH的表达来增强梨叶片对光氧化应激的耐性,RBOH在烟草叶片中的瞬时过表达同样增强了SOD和CAT的活性,从而减轻了烟草对光氧化应激的损伤[67]。此外,ALA通过提高抗氧化酶活性,叶绿素、总酚和可溶性糖含量以及γ-TMT和PAL基因的表达来增强生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)对UV-B胁迫的耐性[66]。

3 ALA在植物生长发育和改善品质中的作用

ALA除了在减轻植物受非生物胁迫损伤方面有显著效果外,同时在促进植物生长发育与改善植物产品品质方面同样具有较大潜力。研究表明,外源ALA可以通过提高花青素合成基因的表达,促使ALA转化为卟啉,增强内源ABA和类胡萝卜素的生物合成,提高Vc含量、抗氧化酶的活性、可溶性糖与可滴定酸的比例来促进苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)、梨(Pyrus ussuriensis)、苹果和李(Prunus persica L.)果实的着色、花青素积累并提高果实品质[10, 16, 72-73](表5)。同时,ALA通过上调ABA生物合成相关基因(PuNCED1和PuNCED2)的表达,增强ABA信号传导,从而促进了梨果颜色的附着[16]。ALA通过提高叶片中PSII的光化学活性和荧光动力学参数,促进了植物叶片对激发能量的吸收、捕获和电子转移的效率,减少光损伤,并最终缓解了异叶松(P. heterophylla)叶片的衰老[74]。此外,还有研究表明,外源ALA可以通过调节生长素外排载体(PIN1、PIN2、PIN7)来改善生长素转运,从而促进拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)初级根的生长[75]。而且外源ALA可以通过大幅增强花粉Ca2+-ATP酶的活性来激活钙泵,降低了钙信号传导,进而抑制了花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,最终促使梨果皮变薄并起到疏花的作用[76]。在外源ALA调节植物气孔运动的研究中表明,ALA可以通过调节2A型蛋白磷酸酶、皮层微管及抑制ABA信号(下调ABA信号关键SnRK2.6的基因表达,促使激酶脱磷酸化,降低酶活性,阻断ABA信号向下传递)来调节拟南芥和苹果的气孔运动[77-78]。外源ALA还可以通过诱导转录因子MdMYB110a的表达,进而调节下游基因MdGSTF12的表达,从而促进了苹果叶片中花青素的积累[10]。

4 展望

总体来说,ALA在农业生产和科学研究领域具有重要的应用价值和潜力。作为卟啉类化合物的前体,ALA的生物合成途径在高等植物中已有深入研究,并且在实际应用中也显示出显著效果。具体来说,ALA可提高植物对非生物胁迫的耐性。这些研究多集中在调控网络的末端,通过测定生理指标和基因表达量,结合组学的技术,初步揭示了ALA的潜在机制。然而,尽管取得了一些研究进展,ALA在提高植物耐性和改善品质的具体分子机制仍不明确。这一局限性在于现有研究多停留在现象层面,缺乏深入的机制研究,需要通过转基因等方法证明关键基因在ALA调控中的重要性。结合分子生物学、多组学分析以及基因编辑技术,将提供对ALA作用机制的更全面理解。此外,ALA作为植物信号分子的作用也未得到充分证实,未来研究将进一步明晰ALA作为植物信号分子的作用机制及其受体的存在。这不仅有助于全面了解ALA的生物功能,还能为植物生理学和农业科学的发展提供新视角和新方法。通过深入研究,期待实现对ALA的精准应用,为提高农业生产效率和作物品质提供有力的科学支持。

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