Determining the optimum sampling numbers (OSN) of heavy metals in soil is the premise and foundation for research of heavy metals in soil. It is one critical issue to achieve credible results when surveying heavy metals in soil and sustainable land use or remediation decisions. In this study, cadmium in farmland soil was taken as the research object. The data of Cd from 17 high-low variant units at different scales were collected by field sampling. The relationships between geometric standard deviation (GSD) and coefficient of variation(CV) were established by statistical and empirical theory. Based on the relationships, the method of determining the OSN of heavy metals in soil with skewed distribution was further derived. The results showed that: Compared with other methods, geometric standard deviation calculated by the method derived from statistical model was more accurate, and the OSN calculated by the proposed statistical model was closer to the exact sampling number; The mean error and relative deviation generated by the proposed statistical model were smaller, and the OSN calculated by the proposed statistical model in the high or low variation units was more accurate. The total calculation process of the proposed statistical model was simpler and faster. This study provides an effective method to determine the OSN of soil heavy metals in the decision unit with known CV.
以往研究中对土壤重金属采样设计的关注较少。Zhang等[9]查询在两本重要的环境学英文期刊Environmental Science and Technology和Analytical Chemistry上已发表的论文,结果发现关于采样的论文数目占全部发表论文的数目不足1%。同时,已有研究对土壤重金属采样数目的确定研究多集中于正态分布下的统计学方法[5-6],在满足对数正态分布下土壤采样数目确定方法的研究更少[10]。尽管在已知变异的决策单元内提出了对数正态分布下采样数目确定方法,如包括偏态分布下的经典对数正态公式[11]、Hale’s方法[12]、Armstrong’s方法[13]、二次项近似公式[14]、线性回归估计[11]、切比雪夫不等式[15]等,具体公式和方法详见表1。但是,上述修正方法的应用范围有所限制,不足以涵盖土壤重金属在不同变异系数下的采样布点,存在对合理采样数目高估及低估的现象。Huang等[10]通过对多个上述方法的对比研究,提出了更为精确的已知变异的偏态分布下土壤重金属调查采样数目确定方法。
上述方法均为基于几何标准差(Geometric Standard Deviation,GSD)来确定土壤重金属采样数目。然而,土壤重金属变异性并不是通过GSD表达,更多的是通过变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)表达[16-17],如Huang等[10]在土壤重金属采样数目确定方法研究中,通过检索自CNKI、维普及ISI Web of Information citation index等数据库共收集到457个案例,这些案例中土壤重金属变异情况均以CV表达,已提出的方法通过GSD计算土壤重金属采样数目的研究并不适用大部分已知CV的土壤重金属采样设计。
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