The study focuses on the severe heat stress of dairy cows in natural ventilation cowshed in summer in southern China. Using on-site measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research methods, a comparative analysis was conducted on the the wind speed field and THI field in a natural ventilation cowshed before and after the addition of the spray device under three different external wind directions, wind speeds, temperature and humidity conditions in a natural ventilation cowshed in southern China. The results showed that: 1)The relative error range of each measuring point in the temperature field was 0.04% - 1.36%, with an average relative error of 0.43%. The relative error range of each measuring point in the relative humidity field was 0.00 - 7.43%, with an average relative error was 2.22%. After removing the abnormal values, the relative error range of each measuring point in the air flow field was 0.05% - 83.68%, with an average relative error of 38.44%. 2) Numerical simulation showed that the high wind speed area was mainly concentrated in the feeding aisle and the edge of the cowshed, ranging from 1.4 to 3.0 m/s. The low wind speed area was mainly concentrated in the cow activity area on the east side of the cowshed, with nearly half of the cows having wind speed below 0.4 m/s. The influence of different wind directions on the edge of the cowshed was different. Under northeast and south wind conditions, there was a high wind speed area in the east of the cowshed, while under northwest wind conditions, the airflow field at the edge of the cowshed was relatively uniform. 3) After adding a sprinkler system, different external climates can lead to different effects of spraying. When the temperature and humidity were moderate and the wind speed was relatively small, the addition of the spray device will increase the temperature and humidity index by 0.23, which was significant(P<0.05) and exacerbates the heat stress of dairy cows. When the wind speed was high, high temperature and low humidity, the addition of the spray device will decrease the temperature and humidity index by 0.97, and the difference was significant(P<0.05). When the wind speed was high, low temperature and high humidity, the addition of the spray device will decrease the temperature and humidity index by 0.19, and the difference was not significant(P>0.05). In summary, this study simulated the changes in the thermal environment of the cow house and the improvement of the heat stress of the cows in the house by adding the spray device in three different external environments. The results can provide a basis for the design of naturally ventilated dairy cowshed and the regulation of the thermal environment in the dairy cowshed.
XiangX E, DengM, SunB L, GuoY Q. Research progress on the effect of heat stress on production performance and health of dairy cows and its mitigation measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2024,60(1):54-60 (in Chinese)
ChenF J, DuB, LiF X, CaoS S. Influence of the pathogenesis of heat stress in dairy cows and its preventive measures[J]. China Cattle Science, 2016,42(1):78-80 (in Chinese)
[5]
RoenfeldtS. You can't afford to ignore heat stress[J] Dairg herd management,1998,35(5):6-8
[6]
DikmenS, HansenP J. Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2009,92(1):109-116
ShiS, SunZ H, ZhaoS S, LiuH, LiW, SunL H. Impact of climate changes on heat stress of cows in different regions of China[J]. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2023,55(6):41-48 (in Chinese)
[9]
ManosN E. Discomfort index[J]. Science, 1959,130(3389):1624
[10]
ZengJ, CaiJ, WangD M, LiuH Y, SunH Z, LiuJ X. Heat stress affects dairy cow health status through blood oxygen availability[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2023,14(1):112
[11]
FanC Y, SuD, TianH, LiX J, LiY, RanL, HuR T, ChengJ B. Liver metabolic perturbations of heat-stressed lactating dairy cows[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2018,31(8):1244-1251
[12]
M’HamdiN, DarejC, AttiaK, El Akram ZnaidiI, KhattabR, DjelailiaH, BouraouiR, TaboubiR, MarzoukiL, AyadiM. Modelling THI effects on milk production and lactation curve parameters of Holstein dairy cows[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2021,99:102917
[13]
HagiyaK, HayasakaK, YamazakiT, ShiraiT, OsawaT, TerawakiY, NagamineY, MasudaY, SuzukiM. Effects of heat stress on production, somatic cell score and conception rate in Holsteins[J]. Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho, 2017,88(1):3-10
[14]
王福军. 计算流体动力学分析 CFD 软件原理与应用[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2003
[15]
WangF J. Principle and Application of CFD Software for Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua university press, 2003 (in Chinese)
[16]
MostafaE, LeeI B, SongS H, KwonK, SeoI H, HongS W, HwangH S, BitogJ P, HanH T. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of air temperature distribution inside broiler building fitted with duct ventilation system[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2012,112(4):293-303
[17]
SeoI H, LeeI B, MoonO K, HongS W, HwangH S, BitogJ P, KwonK S, YeZ Y, LeeJ W. Modelling of internal environmental conditions in a full-scale commercial pig house containing animals[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2012,111(1):91-106
ChenZ H, RenF J, YuT, TangM, JiangR X, LiuJ J, LiS J, SuH. Analysis of the effect of installing large air volume fans on summer heat prevention and temperature reduction of wet curtain cooling cowsheds in summer [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2021,37 (5): 198-208 (in Chinese)
[20]
de A CunhaG C, Lopes NetoJ P, FurtadoD A, BorgesV P, FreireE A, do NascimentoJ W B. Diagnosis and validation by computational fluid dynamics of poultry house with negative pressure ventilation[J]. Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 2019,23(10):761-767
[21]
BjergB, MorsingS, SvidtK, ZhangG. The effects of pen partitions and thermal pig simulators on airflow in a livestock test room[J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 2000,77(3):317-326
[22]
TongX J, HongS W, ZhaoL Y. CFD modelling of airflow pattern and thermal environment in a commercial manure-belt layer house with tunnel ventilation[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2019,178:275-293
DengS H, ShiZ X, LiB M. CFD simulation of temperature and humidity distribution in low profile cross ventilated dairy cattle barn[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015,31(9): 209-214 (in Chinese)
ChenZ H, MaY C, LiuR, GuoF, LiuJ J, YangS T. Numerical simulation of environmental conditions for fan-pad evaporative cooling system of beef cattle barn in summer[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(16):211-218 (in Chinese)
ShenL H, ChengL J, YouL C, YongK, LuoZ Z, ChenJ B, LuoQ, YuS M, CaoS Z. Effects of heat stress and spray-fan cooling system on physiology and production efficiency of dairy cows in different lactation stages[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021,33(9):1602-1610 (in Chinese)
CaoL D, LiJ L. Integrated risk assessment of flood disaster in Zhejiang Province based on RS and GIS [J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2015,24 (4): 111-119 (in Chinese)
HuD M, ZhaoS H, HuangX D, WangY X. Discussion on thermal insulation performance and correlation of building envelope materials in building energy-saving design [J]. Building Block & Block Building, 2007(4):8-11 (in Chinese)
KadzereC T, MurphyM R, SilanikoveN, MaltzE. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review[J]. Livestock Production Science, 2002,77(1):59-91
[38]
刘继军. 家畜环境卫生学:精简版[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2016
[39]
LiuJ J. Environmental hygiene of livestock: Simplified edition [M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2016 (in Chinese)
[40]
TomaselloN, ValentiF, CasconeG, PortoS M C. Development of a CFD model to simulate natural ventilation in a semi-open free-stall barn for dairy cows [J]. Buildings, 2019,9(8):183
[41]
PakariA, GhaniS. Comparison of different mechanical ventilation systems for dairy cow barns: CFD simulations and field measurements[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2021,186:106207
[42]
NakamuraK, MorrisonS F. A thermosensory pathway that controls body temperature[J]. Nature Neuroscience, 2008,11(1) :62-71
[43]
RufT, GeiserF. Daily torpor and hibernation in birds and mammals[J]. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 2015,90(3):891-926
[44]
GeiserF. Metabolic rate and body temperature reduction during hibernation and daily torpor[J]. Annual Review of Physiology, 2004,66(1):239-274
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. Environmental quality standards for the livestock and poultry farm: -1999NY/T 388[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press of China, 1999 (in Chinese)
WuW P, LiC, WuH D, HuangA M, ZhangY Z, YangS T, ShuD Q. Cooling by interior spraying ventilation and roofing sprinkling ventilation on open beef cattle barn improving production performance of beef cattle[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016,32(10):187-193 (in Chinese)