In order to solve the problem of "white pollution" and realize the sustainable utilization of soil resources, the BioDegradable Mulch (BDM) could replace PolyEthylene (PE) plastic film in the north of Yinchuan City, Ningxia Province? Two kinds of BDM (F and X), common PE plastic film (PE) and non-mulching (CK) were set up in this area, and the field positioning experiment was carried out for 2 years. The comprehensive benefit and sensitivity of BDM were analyzed by using subjective weighting method (analytic hierarchy process), supplemented by objective weighting method (entropy weight), and combining with 9 indexes of three major benefits (economic benefit, technical benefit and ecological benefit). The results show that the comprehensive benefit index of F is the highest, followed by X, followed by PE, and the lowest is CK. Among them, F and X are 38.72% and 6.48% higher than PE, and 122.65% and 70.91% higher than CK respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that compared with PE, the biggest sensitive factors of BDM are tomato yield and plastic film decomposition rate. To sum up, it is feasible to popularize and apply BDM in the production of the Yellow River diversion Irrigation District in the north of Yinchuan City, Ningxia Province, and BDM can be used instead of ordinary PE film.
其次,从技术效益角度,总的来看表现为 BDM > CK > PE。原因可能是PE不能降解,失重率低、残留率高、短期内分解率接近为0,使得技术效益指数反而低于CK。3种覆膜处理的技术效益指数以F最高,X其次,PE最低,这与Yin等[47]研究一致。可能原因如下:一方面是X在覆膜时的开裂程度较高,导致在西红柿生育期间出现大面积裂洞,增温保墒效果差。有研究结果表明在半湿润干旱气候地区覆膜时,降解速率适中的BDM可以高效改善土壤环境[47]。而F覆膜时的降解速率适中,技术效益最高;另一方面是F在光照、机械穿插、水分等作用下,其分解速率较低,残留在土壤中的地膜碎片或质量较多,F的残留率(22.9%)较X(10.91%)高。然而,经过一年土壤中微生物的分解作用,F的分解率(87.82%)反而远远高于X(41.61%),表明F在地表光照作用下分解较慢,埋入土壤中,在微生物作用下,残膜转化为CO2和H2O的速率反而较高,降解趋势明显。
最后,与农民考虑因素不同,政府在解决能否全面推广BDM问题的决定因素往往是考虑生态效益。因此关注地膜的生态效益是必要的,更是重中之重。生态效益指数表现为 X > PE > F > CK。与CK相比,3种覆膜处理的增温保墒性能均较高[48],主要原因是从覆膜到6月21日覆膜处理的增温效果差异明显,但从6月21日到生长期结束,宁夏银北灌区大气温度大幅上升,温度不再是限制西红柿生长的主要因素,随着BDM的降解,地膜表面出现大面积的裂洞,表明地膜的增温性能基本结束[49],其作用逐渐转变为保墒性能和抑制杂草的功能。同时,由于残膜引起土壤表层的有机质、速效钾减少[50],会改变土壤特性,阻碍土壤水分渗透,影响土壤吸水,导致土壤二次盐渍化,限制根系发育和地上作物的生长[43]。在覆膜种类方面,BDM与PE相比,生态效益指数表现为PE高BDM低。可能原因是随着BDM开裂程度的增加,增温效果降低[51],因膜被撕裂使得其失去原有的覆盖功能,导致抗穿刺性、机械拉伸性、耐久性、疏水性不足[52],且对水蒸气的阻隔效果弱于PE[53]。最后,从综合效益角度来看,BDM的IEI优于PE,这与Chen等[25]研究一致。综合效益最低的是CK未覆膜对照组,这也与Jia等[54]和Zhao等[55]研究一致。
GaoX H, XieD, YangC. Effects of a PLA/PBAT biodegradable film mulch as a replacement of polyethylene film and their residues on crop and soil environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2021, 255: 107053
JinT, XueY H, ZhangM M, ZhouT, LiuH J, ZhangK, XiB. Research advances in regulations, standards and recovery of mulch film[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2020,29(2): 411-420 (in Chinese)
[4]
WangJ, LvS H, ZhangM Y, ChenG C, ZhuT B, ZhangS, TengY, ChristieP, LuoY M. Effects of plastic film residues on occurrence of phthalates and microbial activity in soils[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 151: 171-177
CaoJ H. Study on the distribution characteristics of residual film and microplastics in farmland and their effects on soil and water environment[D]. Xianyang: northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2023 (in Chinese)
WangH J, WangM, WangJ L, LuY T, YingY K, HeY Z. Control technology and control strategy of residual film pollution in Xinjiang farmland[J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2022, 43(4): 166-174 (in Chinese)
ZhaoZ J, HeW Q, YinJ H, LiuQ. Development situation analysis of biodegradable mulch film based on bibliometric analysis in China[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2023, 28(4): 57-67 (in Chinese)
YuanH, LiuY, DongH Y, YanF L. Study on the present situation and recovery and reuse of plastic film in China [J]. Modern Rural Science and Technology, 2018 (6): 98-99 (in Chinese)
[13]
QinY Q, ChaiY W, LiR, LiY W, MaJ T, ChengH B, ChangL, ChaiS X. Evaluation of straw and plastic film mulching on wheat production: A meta-analysis in Loess Plateau of China [J]. Field Crops Research, 2022, 275: 108333
ZhangX J, LiS F, XuC C, HuM H, WangH Y. Application of full biodegradable plastic film on radish in autumn and winter[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 60(5): 772-773 (in Chinese)
WangM, XuL, YanN N, JiangX Z, FengM. Zhang X M, Chen G, Xu C F. Degradation characteristics of PBAT/ straw mulch film and its effect on tomato growth in the facility [J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 2022, 38 (5): 184,193 (in Chinese)
WangM, XuL, YanN N, JiangX Z, FengM. Development of JAAS biodegradable plastic film and its application in facilities[J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2021, 41(22): 17-19, 27 (in Chinese)
YangS. Study on the construction and application of evaluation index system of technical mode of reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency for protected vegetables in cold region of Liaoning Province[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2020 (in Chinese)
[24]
曹建如. 旱作农业技术的经济、生态与社会效益评价研究[D].北京: 中国农业科学院, 2007
[25]
CaoJ R. Study on evaluation of economic, ecological and social benefits of dry farming technology[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2007 (in Chinese)
ZhangY Q. Comparative study on the development level of agricultural circular economy in Henan Province based on fuzzy evaluation method[J]. Journal of Jiyuan Vocational and Technical College, 2023, 22(4): 1-6 (in Chinese)
HuangH J. Research on the application of analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in public policy evaluation[D]. Wuhan: Central China Normal University, 2014 (in Chinese)
[30]
SaatyT L. A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures[J]. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1977, 15(3): 234-281
[31]
HanY M, ZhouR D, GengZ Q, BaiJ, MaB, FanJ Z. A novel data envelopment analysis cross-model integrating interpretative structural model and analytic hierarchy process for energy efficiency evaluation and optimization modeling: Application to ethylene industries [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 246: 118965
[32]
王亚坤. 河北省蔬菜生产投入要素分析与综合效益评价研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2016
[33]
WangY K. Study on input factor analysis and comprehensive benefit evaluation of vegetable production in Hebei Province[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2016 (in Chinese)
ZhuK L, LvX B. Evaluation of comprehensive agricultural production capacity in Henan Province based on factor analysis[J]. Grain Issues Research, 2024(1): 9-13 (in Chinese)
[36]
HuY J, WuL Z, PanX Q, WangZ L, XuX X. Comprehensive evaluation of cloud manufacturing service based on fuzzy theory[J]. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 2021, 23(6): 1755-1764
ZhuK L, LVX B. Evaluation of comprehensive agricultural production capacity in Henan Province based on factor analysis [J]. Research on Food issues, 2024 (1): 9-13 (in Chinese)
ShiG X, WangQ C, LiuJ Q. Application of coefficient of variation method in benefit evaluation of small watershed management[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 20(6): 47 (in Chinese)
[41]
ChenC H. A novel multi-criteria decision-making model for building material supplier selection based on entropy-AHP weighted TOPSIS [J]. Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 22(2): 259
[42]
ChenQ, HuN, ZhangQ, SunH W, ZhuL Q. Effects of biodegradable plastic film mulching on the global warming potential, carbon footprint, and economic benefits of garlic production [J]. Agronomy, 2024, 14(3): 504
ZhangX F, LiuY S. Research on the construction of comprehensive benefit evaluation index system of rice-fishery breeding mode in Tianjin[J]. Modern Agriculture, 2023, 48(2): 81-87 (in Chinese)
ZhangR, LiH X, GaoY T, DongB, ZhangH S, WenW, WangL. Comprehensive evaluation of film mulching types of maize in semi-arid area of Loess Plateau based on entropy weight-TOPSIS model [J]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2024, 59(1): 74-85 (in Chinese).
GuoY T. Effects of biodegradable and common plastic film on maize growth and greenhouse gas emissions from farmland [D]. Xianyang: Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2023 (in Chinese)
LengX, LiX Y, GuoY, DingZ J. Determining the reasonable nitrogen application amount in farmland under biodegradable film mulching based on DNDC and TOPSIS models[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022, 36(4): 325-332, 341 (in Chinese)
[51]
LiJ Z, liuJ L, ZhangL L, LvH, CaoX Q, LiuQ Q, CaoR, WangZ Z, DongZ, WangK X, IdimeshevaO. Response of physiological growth characteristics of rice to different biodegradable mulching and irrigation methods in cold region of Northeast China[J]. Journal of the ASABE, 2023, 66(2): 245-252
HuaL M, LiuH Y, XueY H, LanX P, WangY T, CaiG X. Quantitative assessment on comprehensive effects of mulching films by integrated evaluation index method[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(4): 76-80 (in Chinese)
[54]
BoL Y, MaoX M, WangY L. Assessing the applicability of biodegradable film mulching in Northwest China based on comprehensive benefits study[J]. Sustainability, 2022, 14(17): 10584
WangT X, GaoB W, ZhangZ H. Comprehensive benefit evaluation on different types of mulching film in cotton production: An investigation of Sidaohezi Town in Shanwan County[J]. Xinjiang State Farms Economy, 2018(3): 26-30, 38 (in Chinese)
[57]
WuX L, HuF. Analysis of ecological carrying capacity using a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2020, 113: 106243
[58]
ChenY, YuJ, KhanS. Spatial sensitivity analysis of multi-criteria weights in GIS-based land suitability evaluation [J]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2010, 25(12): 1582-1591
ZhangZ C, LiuX Z, LiuW. Comprehensive evaluation of the quality improvement of Gaoyi ancient village based on AHP-entropy method[J]. Furniture & Interior Design, 2023, 30(9): 124-131 (in Chinese)
QinS Y, YinH B. Studies on the evaluation of integrated benefit of land arrangements based on AHP[J]. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 2007, 11(2): 93-96 (in Chinese)
[63]
WięckowskiJ, SałabunW. Sensitivity analysis approaches in multi-criteria decision analysis: A systematic review [J]. Applied Soft Computing, 2023, 148: 110915
GuoK M, PanS, YanS. New infrastructure investment and structural transformation[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2020(3): 63-80 (in Chinese)
[66]
董继伟. 装配式建筑全寿命周期成本效益分析研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2019
[67]
DongJ W. Study on the life cycle cost-benefit analysis of assembled buildings[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2019 (in Chinese)
[68]
金龙. 居住建筑中应用装配式钢结构的经济性对比分析[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2019
[69]
JinL. Economic comparative analysis of application of assembled steel structure in residential buildings[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2019 (in Chinese)
[70]
ZhangD B, YaoP W, ZhaoN, WangZ, YuC W, CaoQ H, CaoW D, GaoY J. Responses of winter wheat production to green manure and nitrogen fertilizer on the Loess Plateau[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2015, 107(1): 361-374
[71]
LiuS W, JinR X, LiT B, YangS X, ShenM C. Are biodegradable plastic mulch films an effective way to solve residual mulch film pollution in farmland?[J]. Plant and Soil, 2024, 494(1-2): 85-94
[72]
SunT, LiG, NingT Y, ZhangZ M, MiQ H, LalR. Suitability of mulching with biodegradable film to moderate soil temperature and moisture and to increase photosynthesis and yield in peanut[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 208: 214-223
[73]
ZhangX Y, YouS Y, TianY Q, LiJ S. Comparison of plastic film, biodegradable paper and bio-based film mulching for summer tomato production: Soil properties, plant growth, fruit yield and fruit quality [J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2019, 249: 38-48
LengX. Study on the system of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in maize field covered with biodegradable plastic film in arid area [D]. Hohhot: inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2022 (in Chinese)
[76]
YinM H, LiY N, FangH, ChenP P. Biodegradable mulching film with an optimum degradation rate improves soil environment and enhances maize growth[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 216: 127-137
LiuQ. Study on degradation process of biodegradable plastic film and its influence on maize growth and yield[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2012 (in Chinese)
MeiL, DongW Y, ZhouJ H, LiuQ, SongH X, WangJ Y. Performance of biodegradable films and their application on fresh corn and sweet potato production in Beijing[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2021, 26(10): 54-65 (in Chinese)
[81]
ZhangD Z, LiX R, QuanZ Z, XuW J, LiuQ. An adaptive hybrid ARQ method for coexistence of ZigBee and WiFi[J]. International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking, 2017, 10(4/5): 310
[82]
ChenN, LiX Y, ŠimůnekJ, ShiH B, HuQ, ZhangY H. Evaluating the effects of biodegradable and plastic film mulching on soil temperature in a drip-irrigated field[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2021, 213: 105116
[83]
LiX L, ZhengG F, LiZ Y, FuP. Formulation, performance and environmental/agricultural benefit analysis of biomass-based biodegradable mulch films: A review [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2024, 203: 112663
[84]
ZhaoX, LiF D, AiZ P, LiJ, GuC K. Stable isotope evidences for identifying crop water uptake in a typical winter wheat-summer maize rotation field in the North China Plain[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 618: 121-131
[85]
JiaH, WangZ H, ZhangJ Z, LiW H, RenZ L, JiaZ C, WangQ. Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions, yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(5): 819-836
[86]
ZhaoY M, ZhangF Y, LiL, YangX J, ZhangF W, ZhaoW Y, HeQ. Substitution experiment of biodegradable paper mulching film and white plastic mulching film in Hexi oasis irrigation area[J]. Coatings, 2022, 12(8): 1225
WangB, WanY F, WangJ X, SunJ S, WangX Y, HuaiG L, KongL M. Effects of PBAT fully biodegradable plastic film on cotton and maize yield and soil physical and chemical properties in southern Xinjiang [J]. Journal of Agricultural Environmental Science, 2019, 38 (1): 148,156 (in Chinese)
SuH Y, BaoZ, LiuQ, DongD R, YanC R, LeiH, XueY H, XuZ Y. Degradation of biodegradable mulch film and its effect on the yield of processing tomatoes in the Xinjiang region[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2020, 37(4): 615-622 (in Chinese)
XiangW Y, FengC, FengL S, LiuQ, ZhangL L, BaiW, YangN, ZhengJ M, SunZ X. Degradation and residual characteristics of PBAT biodegradable plastic film in semi-arid area in western Liaoning[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2021, 26(12): 45-53 (in Chinese)
[93]
QiY L, YangX M, PelaezA M, Huerta LwangaE, BeriotN, GertsenH, GarbevaP, GeissenV. Macro- and micro- plastics in soil-plant system: Effects of plastic mulch film residues on wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) growth [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 645: 1048-1056
[94]
HuQ, LiX Y, GonçalvesJ M, ShiH B, TianT, ChenN. Effects of residual plastic-film mulch on field corn growth and productivity[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 729: 138901
[95]
LiL Z, LuoY M, LiR J, ZhouQ, PeijnenburgW J G M, YinN, YangJ, TuC, ZhangY C. Effective uptake of submicrometre plastics by crop plants via a crack-entry mode[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2020, 3: 929-937