灌水定额对不同程度盐碱地玉米光合特性及产量的影响
马风兰 , 苏泽晖 , 刘威帆 , 刘昊 , 马小英 , 黄霖锋 , 万猛虎 , 李涛 , 刘吉利 , 吴娜
中国农业大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5) : 28 -41.
灌水定额对不同程度盐碱地玉米光合特性及产量的影响
Effects of irrigation quota on yield formation and photosynthetic characteristics of maize in saline and alkaline land
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为探究灌水定额对盐碱地玉米光合特性及产量形成的影响,以‘先玉1225’为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,设置中度(全盐量3.39~4.59 g/kg,S1)和轻度(1.36~2.57 g/kg,S2)盐碱为主区; 5 100(W1)、4 350(W2)、3 600(W3)、2 850(W4)、2 100 m3/hm2(W5)灌水定额为副区,分别在玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花期和灌浆期测定净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2(Ci)和相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)及光合代谢酶等指标,运用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分综合分析方法分析叶片Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、SPAD、光合代谢酶与产量的相关关系及各指标的综合得分。结果表明:增加灌溉量可优化不同盐碱地玉米的光合参数。随灌溉量的增加,SPAD、Pn、Tr和Gs等呈现上升趋势,而Ci则表现出相反变化趋势。S1的W3玉米SPAD较其他灌溉处理高出5.35%~14.59%,W1的叶片Pn、Tr、Gs较其他灌溉处理分别升高8.12%~53.16%、4.26%~38.03%和39.86%~103.53%,Ci则降低13.24%~30.49%;而S2的W2玉米SPAD较其他灌溉处理高出1.09%~9.64%,W2叶片Pn和Gs较其他灌溉处理分别高出4.80%~66.70%和12.31%~120.60%,W3叶片Tr较其他灌溉处理高出1.40%~41.89%;光合酶活性方面,S1的W2玉米叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)和核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)活性较其他灌溉处理分别高出12.95%~118.06%和19.57%~71.87%;而S2的PEPC和Rubisco活性较其他灌溉处理分别高出23.81%~105.94%和1.75%~28.89%。不同盐碱胁迫下,产量与SPAD、Pn、Tr、Gs和Rubisco活性含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与PEPC呈显著相关(P<0.05),但均与Ci呈负相关。主成分分析结果显示,S1和S2各处理的综合得分由高到低均为W2>W1>W3>W4>W5。因此,宁夏玉米产区盐碱地最佳灌水量为4 350 m3/hm2。
In order to investigate the effect of irrigation quota on photosynthetic characteristics and yield formation of maize in saline and alkaline land, maize variety 'Xianyu 1225' was taken as the experimental material. Split-zone experimental design was adopted in this study. Moderate salinity (total salt content: 3.39 - 4.59 g/kg, S1) and mild salinity (1.36 - 2.57 g/kg, S2) were set as the main zones; 5 100(W1), 4 350(W2), 3 600(W3), 2 850(W4)and 2 100m3/hm2(W5) irrigation quotas were used as the subzones. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), inter-cellular CO2 (Ci), and the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and photosynthetic metabolism enzymes, etc.were measured at the corn jointing stage, big bell stage, blooming stage, and the filling stage, respectively. The correlations between leaf Pn, Tr, Gs, Ci, SPAD, photosynthetic metabolism enzymes and yield as well as the composite scores of each index were analyzed by using analysis of variance, correlation analysis and principal component synthesis. The results showed that increasing the irrigation amount significantly optimized the photosynthetic parameters of maize in different saline sites. With the increase in irrigation amount, SPAD, Pn, Tr and Gs showed an increasing trends, while Ci showed the opposite change trend. Among them, The SPAD of W3 maize in S1 was 5.35% to 14.59% higher than that of other irrigation treatments. and the leaf Pn, Tr, and Gs of W1 were elevated by 8.12% to 53.16%, 4.26% to 38.03%, and 39.86% to 103.53%, respectively, while Ci was decreased by 13.24% to 30.49% compared with other irrigation treatments. In contrast, whereas in S2, the SPAD of W2 maize was 1.09% to 9.64% higher, the leaf Pn and Gs of W2 were 4.80% to 66.7% and 12.31% to 120.60% higher, and the leaf Tr of W3 was 1.40% to 41.89% higher than other irrigation treatments, respectively. Aspects of photosynthetic enzyme activities, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activities of W2 maize leaves in S1 were 12.95% to 118.06% and 19.57% to 71.87% higher than those of other irrigated treatments, respectively; while in S2 PEPC and Rubisco activities were 23.81% to 105.94% and 1.75% to 28.89% higher than other irrigation treatments, respectively. Under different saline conditions, the yield was highly significantly positively correlated (P<0.01) with SPAD, Pn, Tr, Gs and Rubisco activity content, and significantly correlated (P<0.05) with PEPC. Still, all were negatively correlated with Ci. The results of principal component analysis showed that the composite scores of the S1 and S2 treatments were W2>W1>W3>W4>W5.In summary, the optimum irrigation water quantity for saline land in maize production area of Ningxia was 4 350 m3/hm2 .
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