To address the issues of low weeding efficiency and high seedling damage rates of maize field conventional mechanical weeding machines, a vertical double-shaft counter-rotating weeding machine was designed. The physical properties of maize field soil and common weeds were measured and analyzed, and the root-soil composite discrete element model was established using EDEM software. The interaction between the weeding knife and the soil and weed roots during the weeding process was simulated to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the power consumption and performance of the weeding knife. Using blade inclination angle, end face inclination angle, and the number of blades as influencing factors and weeding torque and soil crushing rate as response variables. Pre-experiments and single-factor experiments were conducted to determine the influence of each factor on the response variables. Based on the results of prior simulation experiments, multi-factor simulation experiments were carried out, and the weeding knife was optimized using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to determine the optimal parameters of the weeding knife. Field experiments were conducted to verify the reliability of the weeding knife during actual operations. The optimal parameter combination for the weeding knife, obtained through optimization, was a blade inclination angle of 10°, an end face inclination angle of 55°, and 3 blades. The results of field trials conducted with the optimal parameter combination showed that the weeding rate was 94.67%, the seedling injury was of 3.74%, and the soil crushing rate of 84%, respectively. In conclusion, the weeding machine operated stably during the process and exhibited good weeding performance.
使用EDEM软件构建离散元柔性牛筋草根系模型进行仿真剪切试验(图6)。接触模型是离散元法的重要基础,本质是准静态下颗粒固体的接触力学弹塑性分析[21],本研究选用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding接触模型,通过粘结键将颗粒粘结在一起(图7),使颗粒能够承受一定的力并传递作用力和力矩,从而较好地模拟物体的变形和破碎[22]。
根系模型参数主要有材料参数和接触参数2部分。材料参数设置为:根系颗粒间及根系与除草刀的恢复系数均为0.4,根系颗粒间动、静摩擦因数分别为0.15和0.4,根系与除草刀动、静摩擦因数分别为0.01和0.7[24]。Hertz-Mindlin with bonding接触参数包括:法向粘结刚度Sn、切向粘结刚度Sτ、法向临界应力σmax、切向临界应力τmax和粘结半径Rb,前4个参数反映颗粒间粘结力大小,粘结半径表示颗粒含水率高低[22],模型所有接触参数见表1。根系模型仿真剪切受力曲线对比实际剪切曲线可知,剪切力随位移增加而逐渐增大,达到峰值后,根系断裂导致剪切力迅速下降,且两者的趋势一致。实际剪切力峰值为62.31 N,仿真剪切力峰值为71.04 N(图5),相对误差为12.28%,这验证了根系仿真模型的可靠性。
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