单亲优势是植物远缘杂交克服遗传不相容的关键策略

高亦珂 ,  吕奕

中国农业大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9) : 64 -74.

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中国农业大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9) : 64 -74. DOI: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2025.09.06

单亲优势是植物远缘杂交克服遗传不相容的关键策略

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Uniparental dominance is a crucial strategy for overcoming genetic incompatibility in distant hybridization of angiosperms

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摘要

为深入理解被子植物属间和科间远缘杂交后代呈单亲优势现象的遗传机制及其适应性意义,对相关研究进行检索和分析,梳理远缘杂交后代的变异特征、单亲优势的形成机制及其适应性意义。结果表明:1)属间和科间杂交后代表型显著偏向单一亲本,另一弱势亲本的特征仅少量表达或不表达,呈单亲优势(Uniparental dominance),与近缘杂交得到的经典遗传变异规律不同,即表现出非孟德尔式遗传模式。2)单亲优势形成受3个层面调控,即合子发育早期染色体不对称消除;基因表达偏倚,弱势亲本染色体或其片段系统性丢失与转录沉默;表观遗传修饰差异。3)单亲优势是应对远缘杂交亲本间遗传不相容的适应性兼容策略,优势亲本的遗传物质在塑造后代生长发育中占主导地位,弱势亲本的遗传物质被消除或抑制表达,从而调和远缘亲本间互作引发的遗传不相容,规避杂交冲突引发的败育和致死,实现后代基因组的相对稳定性并维持其正常发育,同时,保留部分外源基因,为功能创新提供潜在基因库。对远缘杂交后代单亲优势的系统解析,有助于理解属间和科间远缘杂交后代的特殊变异模式,为提高远缘杂交育种效率提供理论依据。

Abstract

To have a deep understanding of the genetic mechanisms and adaptive significance of uniparental dominance in intergeneric and interfamilial hybrid offspring of angiosperms, relevant studies were retrieved and analyzed. The variation characteristics, genetic mechanisms, and adaptive significance of distant hybridization offspring were sorted out. The results showed that: 1) The phenotypes of intergeneric and interfamilial hybrid offspring significantly bias toward one parent, while characteristics of the other recessive parent are either minimally expressed or not expressed at all, exhibiting uniparental dominance. This differs from classical genetic variation patterns observed in closely related hybridization, demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. 2) Uniparental dominance is regulated at three levels, i.e., asymmetric chromosome elimination during early zygotic development; biased gene expression, systematic loss of recessive parent chromosomes or fragments and transcriptional silencing and differential in epigenetic modifications. 3) Uniparental dominance represents an adaptive compatibility strategy for address genetic incompatibility between distant hybrid parents. The genetic material of the dominant parent plays a leading role in shaping offspring development, while the genetic material of the recessive parent is eliminated or suppressed. The harmonizes genetic incompatibility arising from distant parental interactions, avoiding hybrid conflicts that leads to sterility and lethality, thereby achieving relative genomic stability and maintaining normal development of offspring. Meanwhile, the retention of some exotic genes provides a potential gene pool for functional innovation. Systematic analysis of uniparental dominance in distant hybrid offspring helps to understand the unique variation patterns in intergeneric and interfamilial hybrids, and provides a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of distant hybridization breeding.

关键词

远缘杂交 / 属间杂交 / 科间杂交 / 单亲优势 / 遗传不相容

Key words

distinct hybridization / intergeneric hybridization / interfamilial hybridization / uniparental dominance / genetic incompatibility

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高亦珂,吕奕. 单亲优势是植物远缘杂交克服遗传不相容的关键策略[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2025, 30(9): 64-74 DOI:10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2025.09.06

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远缘杂交是创造新种质、拓展遗传多样性的重要育种与进化研究途径。随着杂交技术的进步,成功获得了越来越多属间和科间杂交后代,后代的特征也被陆续报道。属间和科间杂交后代的表型、染色体组成、基因表达等方面均不具双亲特征,而是明显偏向于某一亲本,另一亲本的特征仅在有限局部保留,目前这一现象已引起研究者的兴趣,但尚未得到系统总结。追溯相关研究已有3个概念与此现象相关:“偏母遗传”(Matrocliny)[1]被用于描述杂交后代表型主要遗传自母本的现象;与之相对应的是“偏父遗传”(Patrocliny)[2],指杂交后代表型主要遗传自父本;多倍体研究中的“亚基因组优势”(Subgenome dominance)[3],指源自某一亲本的亚基因组在后代的基因组组成或表达上占主导地位,从而导致偏倚表型。但以上概念尚不能表述属、科间杂交后代的表型特征,因此本研究提出“单亲优势”(Uniparental dominance)以描述远缘杂交后代表型以母本或父本的表型特征为主的现象。单亲优势指属间和科间杂交后代表型与优势亲本相似,弱势亲本表型在杂交后代中极少表达或不表达。单亲优势中,母本优势较为常见,但也存在父本优势,或无论正反交均固定表达同一个亲本优势的情况。属间和科间杂交后代不符合经典的孟德尔遗传规律,杂交后代表型呈单亲优势,是因为优势亲本的基因表达在后代中占主导地位,弱势亲本的基因则被消除或抑制表达。单亲优势是植物协调远缘杂交不同基因组不相容的结果。单亲优势现象主要出现在属间和科间杂交后代,某些植物属内不同亚属、组、系间杂交后代也存在单亲优势现象。
单亲优势并非杂交失败或偶然结果,而是植物应对远缘亲本间遗传差异的适应性兼容策略。合子发育和植物生长通过多层次调控,如染色体不对称消除、基因表达偏倚、表观遗传重构等,后代偏向优势亲本,系统消除或抑制引发杂交冲突的弱势亲本基因的影响,以保障杂交后代基因组的相对稳定和正常发育。解析单亲优势表现、形成机制及其适应性逻辑,有助于深化对植物生殖隔离和远缘基因组互作的认识,并为提高远缘杂交育种效率提供关键理论支持。
远缘杂交常被定义为不同种、属或亲缘关系更远的物种之间进行的杂交。然而,由于不同植物分类群间生殖隔离强度存在差异,远缘杂交概念的边界并不十分清晰。一方面,存在大量相对容易获得后代的种属间杂交,且其遗传规律符合经典孟德尔遗传;另一方面,某些不易杂交的属内亲缘关系较远的组或系间的杂交也可能表现单亲优势现象。鉴于不易杂交的属间和科间杂交的生殖隔离显著,亲本间的遗传不相容表现突出,其杂交后代中观察到的遗传与表型变异模式更具远缘杂交的典型性。因此,本研究聚焦于属间和科间杂交后代的变异特征,以被子植物属间和科间远缘杂交后代为主要研究对象,系统综述其单亲优势现象,分析不同类型杂交如同倍体、异源多倍体、属间、亚科间、科间后代的具体变异特征,深入探讨单亲优势形成的遗传、表观遗传机制及其适应性意义,阐释单亲优势现象是植物在远缘杂交冲突下调和遗传不相容的关键性适应性策略。

1 植物远缘杂交后代的单亲优势现象

植物远缘杂交后代表型与经典遗传规律间存在差异已引起研究者的关注。1993年,Rieseberg等[4]总结了46例已发表的种间杂交后代的表型统计发现,45.2%的性状与单一亲本一致,而不表现双亲中间特征。在此基础上,本研究总结了自上世纪50年代至今的属间和科间远缘杂交后代遗传与变异研究,共有提供可靠杂种鉴定证据并明确描述后代特征的27个代表性案例见表1。分析发现单亲优势在远缘杂交后代中是一个显著且值得注意的普遍现象。

属间和科间杂交主要通过人工授粉、原生质体融合、离体授精等得到后代。亲本包括同倍性和不同倍性杂交2种类型。经表型、染色体行为、DNA片段保留及基因表达谱的多层级证据共同揭示,属间和科间杂交后代均表现单亲优势,优势亲本常为母本,弱势亲本的遗传物质在后代中呈系统性丢失或沉默,但小麦和水稻体外受精的正反交后代,只表现小麦的表型,表明单亲优势在一些组合中仅与植物优势相关,不与该植物是父本或母本相关(表1)。

2 植物属间杂交后代变异特征

2.1 属间同倍体杂交后代变异

属间染色体倍性相同的父母本杂交,后代表型偏向单一亲本,已在禾本科(Poaceae)、十字花科(Brassicaceae)、仙人掌科(Cactaceae)、凤梨科(Bromeliaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)及木樨科(Oleaceae)等多科植物中发现,且单亲优势以母本优势为主,少数案例明确报道了后代与父本的相似表型,如花色、花型、花香、开花时间及种皮特征等(表1)。单亲优势的形成主要源于合子发育早期的染色体不对称消除及转录偏倚等遗传机制。

父本染色体不对称消除直接降低父本的遗传贡献,奠定了单亲优势的遗传物质基础。小麦×御谷杂交胚胎发育过程中,通过基因组原位杂交(Genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)和荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,观察到授粉后6~23 d,父本染色体形成微核并逐步降解[14]。小麦×白茅(Imperata cylindrica)和小麦×玉米(Zea mays)受精卵首次有丝分裂时,父本染色体滞后并异常分离,最终大部分丢失[33]。龙骨芥×诸葛菜后代中,诸葛菜染色体组整体丢失,但AFLP(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)可检出诸葛菜父本特有条带[7]。上述研究未关联表型分析,但因父本遗传物质减少,可推测杂交后代中父本相关性状的表达减弱。

在父本染色体消除的基础上,母本基因表达优势进一步弱化了父本性状表达。野菊×菊蒿后代同源基因表达显著偏向母本,表型与基因表达偏倚模式一致,均指向母本优势[17]。

2.2 属间异源多倍体杂交后代

属间异源多倍体杂交后代,多涉及经济作物或模式植物,研究较为深入。异源多倍体遗传变异受远缘杂交效应与倍性效应双重影响,遗传变异表现更为复杂。

小麦×黑麦形成的小黑麦(×Triticosecale)早期世代中,通过分子标记分析发现,黑麦的条带约丢失68.4%~74.5%,表明父本来源的条带丢失严重;当不相容基因所在的父本染色体被消除时,后代的育性及基因组稳定性明显提升[21,34]。在小黑麦中还发现父本线粒体基因orf25虽存在却无转录产物[35],父本染色体消除后,父本基因表达受到抑制将进一步削弱父本特征。蔓菁×萝卜异源四倍体后代xBrassicoraphanus中,亲本间差异表达的同源基因在后代中趋同表达,其中母本蔓菁的同源基因更易维持原始表达水平[36],表明杂交后同源基因表达存在重编程过程,母本具表达优势。萝卜×野甘蓝异源四倍体Raphanobrassica的荚果,下半部分表现父本基因表达偏倚,上半部分表现母本偏倚,空间特异性基因表达模式与表型偏倚高度吻合,表明同一组织内存在分区调控策略[20]。

在属间异源多倍体中,不对称染色体丢失与基因沉默共同塑造单亲优势特征,并影响其遗传稳定性及表型变异格局。

3 被子植物科间杂交后代变异特征

科间杂交生殖隔离强烈,成功案例较少。已报道的科间杂交后代均呈显著单亲优势。

3.1 授粉获得的科间杂交后代

授粉杂交需突破合子前生殖隔离,目前仅见3例报道。水稻×月见草的科间杂交后代,通过AFLP鉴定,扩增出月见草特异性条带,后代表型呈明显的母本优势,D3~D6代出现非水稻的创新性状[26]。小麦×豌豆的不同纲杂交中,观察到豌豆花粉在小麦柱头萌发并进入胚囊,通过种子醇溶蛋白分析发现后代具父本豌豆特异性蛋白带,但未具体说明避免非计划授粉的方法;重复授粉结实率0.6%~1.3%,回交后略增至0.7%~2.1%(二次回交2.4%);后代经表型及染色体鉴定,整体似小麦,但叶片保护层、茸毛、叶形与叶数呈现父本豌豆的特征;多数后代染色体数与母本一致(2n=42),部分后代变异为2n=14/28/43,减数分裂时观察到染色体滞后[31,37]。以上2组杂交均未见后续报道。中国石蒜×萱草的科间杂交,经严格去雄、套袋授粉,获得极少数后代。ISSR(Inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记鉴定发现,在使用的9条引物中有7条从后代DNA中扩增出父本特异性条带,占各引物总扩增条带数的14%~50%;解剖学观测发现,后代的上表皮气孔分布特征与父本一致,与母本不同。石蒜与萱草科间杂交后代年生长发育周期及整体形态近似母本,仅局部表现父本特征[27]。以相同杂交方法获得的朱顶红×萱草的科间杂交后代,通过ISSR分子标记扩增出萱草特异性条带,占总扩增条带数9.09%~26.47%,染色体数介于双亲之间,后代整体表现朱顶红特征(未发表数据)。

3.2 原生质体融合获得的科间遗传重组后代

原生质体融合是常用的替代直接授粉的远缘杂交方法,通过分离、培养并融合来自不同物种的原生质体,在体外系统中再生杂交植株,实现远缘物种基因组的结合[38-39]。为提高远缘融合成功率,常采用不对称原生质体融合方法:在融合前辐射处理供体原生质体,诱导染色体断裂,从而向受体细胞中少量导入外源染色体或片段[40]。科间体细胞杂交呈现偏受体遗传特征,其中染色体消除是维持基因组稳定的关键机制,但其诱因主要为辐射损伤还是远缘杂交冲击,仍存争议。

红柴胡(Bupleurum scorzonerifolium)与葡萄(Vitis vinifera)不对称原生质体融合后代培养8个月后,染色体数目从21~50降至18~28[41]。草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)与木本霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)不对称原生质体融合后代中,观察到部分染色体被排除的现象[42]。烟草(受体)与胡萝卜(供体)不对称原生质体融合再生植株主要表现烟草特征,胡萝卜染色体消除后仅存部分基因片段,但部分再生植株能稳定遗传胡萝卜的抗性[28]。胡萝卜(受体)分别与水稻和大麦进行不对称原生质体融合,再生植株均更似胡萝卜,供体染色体被完全消除[29-30]。科间亲本染色体不兼容阻碍后代发育,而消除融合亲本之一的染色体可以减轻遗传不相容性,可能是成功获得再生植株的前提。

在小麦与拟南芥的纲间不对称原生质体融合中,获得了表型类似小麦的植物,仅1~3个拟南芥染色体片段渗入小麦染色体末端,形成高度不对称的杂交后代,所有类似拟南芥的早期再生组织均无法成活,表明杂交后代中亲本染色体组高度不相容。小麦为六倍体(2n=6x=42),其DNA含量(基因组大小约17 Gb)、染色体大小和原生质体体积均远大于拟南芥(2n=2x=10,基因组大小约125 Mb),Deng等[32]认为亲本间的遗传差异促进了高度不对称后代的形成。

3.3 亚科间杂交后代变异研究

燕麦×御谷亚科间授粉杂交获得的早期胚胎含完整的7条御谷染色体,但培养6个月后3条父本御谷染色体消除[25]。

小麦与水稻的亚科间体外受精研究中发现,无论正反交后代,水稻染色体均在受精后3~6 d逐步消失,再生植株主要表现小麦形态特征[24],水稻遗传物质通过染色体易位及线粒体DNA部分保留(11%~47%)贡献给后代[43]。小麦的染色体数目与基因组规模均显著大于水稻(2n=2x=24,基因组大小约0.4 Gb),悬殊的基因组差异是导致后代呈具更大基因组的小麦偏倚特征、具更小基因组的水稻染色体消除的主导因素。在此案例中,单亲优势并非由杂交方向决定,而是由亲本间的基因组规模差异主导。这与上述Deng等[32]研究结果相互印证。推测在规模差异较大的基因组互作中,更大的染色体组和基因组可能表现更强的结构稳定性,或能更好缓冲遗传冲突,而获得兼容性优势。这种规模差异主导的互作机制及其对后代的具体影响仍需深入探究。

4 远缘杂交后代单亲优势形成机制及其适应性

经典遗传变异规律不能解释属间和科间远缘杂交后代的单亲优势。远缘杂交后代发育过程中,存在染色体删除、基因表达偏倚等不同于近缘杂交的现象,导致杂交后代表型呈单亲优势,深入解析其形成机制与适应性意义,对揭示远缘杂交后代的育种贡献尤为重要。

属间和科间杂交研究主要聚焦于克服生殖隔离和杂种鉴定,由于研究材料稀缺且多数物种的组学数据背景有限,远缘杂交后代的相关研究多基于模式植物的种间杂交后代。后代表型偏倚的形成机制研究对象主要为异源多倍体作物,其遗传变异为远缘杂交与多倍化双重效应交织的产物,与同倍体后代尚存差异。远缘杂交后代的单亲优势,与异源多倍体的亚基因组优势(Subgenome dominance)有许多相似之处。借鉴亚基因组优势研究,可为单亲优势机制研究提供关键参照。

4.1 远缘杂交后代单亲优势形成机制

属间和科间远缘杂交后代中来自单一亲本的染色体常被消除。结合种间杂交研究进一步发现,染色体丢失程度与亲本遗传距离呈显著正相关,随着遗传距离增大,丢失模式呈现从共存、部分丢失到完全消除的渐进变化,这一规律在拟南芥、小麦、大麦和玉米等模式植物的种间与属间杂交后代中获得证实[44]。目前对这一非孟德尔遗传现象的解释是,远缘亲本的染色体存在不相容性,通过部分或完全消除外源染色体可减轻亲本冲突对后代生存的负面影响[34,45-47]。如燕麦×玉米杂交后代中,消除全部玉米染色体的个体育性显著高于保留部分玉米染色体的个体[48];小麦分别与玉米、高粱(Sorghum bicolor)和小米的杂交后代中,完全消除父本染色体的个体在授粉后16~21 d可通过胚拯救存活;燕麦×御谷的亚科间杂交产生的170个杂交胚中,仅1个不含御谷染色体的胚胎发育成株[25]。染色体不对称消除涉及多重机制,包括亲本细胞周期不同步,染色体核内空间分离,有丝分裂后期姐妹染色单体分离故障,以及以CENH3为标志的着丝粒失活等机制[49-51]。

亲本表观基因组差异与杂交冲击共同触发后代表观修饰变异,其中亚基因组间不对称的表观修饰与单亲优势密切关联[3,52-53]。萝卜×白花甘蓝(Brassica alboglabra)的异源多倍体后代Raphanobrassica中,MSAP(Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism)分析揭示了后代的表观遗传不稳定性,此过程可能通过修饰遗传物质以维持双亲基因组平衡[54]。通常优势亚基因组的甲基化程度更低[55-58]。亚基因组间不对称的基因表达水平与转座子数量及其甲基化程度相关,通常优势亚基因组携带的甲基化转座子数量更少[3,59]。

组蛋白修饰调节染色质的紧密程度和可及性,在建立亚基因组优势中发挥重要作用[60-62]。琴叶拟南芥(A. lyrata)×拟南芥后代中,拟南芥来源的等位基因携带抑制性标记H3K27me3,导致后代中拟南芥基因表达受抑[63]。异源四倍体棉花中,优势亲本染色体每单位面积携带更高强度的激活性组蛋白标记H3K4me3,促进染色质松散并上调基因表达[64]。差异性的组蛋白修饰改变染色质可及性,可及区域更易容纳转录因子结合顺式调控元件,影响转录活性[65]。除了调控基因表达外,偏倚的组蛋白甲基化还被发现可以诱导不对称染色体消除[66-67]。

4.2 单亲优势在远缘杂交中的适应性作用

亲本基因组历经长期分化积累显著遗传差异,当其共存于杂交后代细胞中,基因组间互作将引发杂交冲突,因此远缘杂交普遍败育。

成功获得的属间和科间远缘杂交后代呈单亲优势,具体表现为后代在染色体消除、表观修饰、基因表达等多层次的遗传与表型偏倚,受遗传与表观遗传机制协同调控。推测单亲优势是属间和科间远缘杂交后代的适应性兼容机制,能够调和遗传冲突,维持杂交基因组稳定,从而保障后代正常发育。异源多倍体中广泛存在的亚基因组优势研究从侧面证实了该推测,一个亚基因组相对于其他亚基因组占据优势地位,可以快速改善因双亲基因共表达引发的杂交冲突[3,52,68-69]。优势亚基因组的确立,伴随染色体消除及DNA甲基化与基因表达的协同变化,显著提升了基因组稳定性与适应性[70]。弱势亚基因组并非完全沉默,当优势亚基因组在维持后代的核心功能中占据主导地位时,弱势亚基因组则具有引入新功能或引发功能多样化的潜力,是进化创新不可忽视的来源[71-72]。

优势亲本多为母本这一现象,进一步印证了单亲优势是调和亲本冲突的适应性策略。亚基因组优势现象目前仅在被子植物中被报道,胚乳的存在可能发挥了关键作用。胚乳由双受精形成,主要负责向胚胎输送母本资源。亲本亲缘关系较近的杂交后代中,母本与父本基因组剂量为2∶1。自然选择可平衡父母本基因表达(如印记基因的进化[73]),因此种内杂交少见亲本冲突;而属间和科间远缘杂交,亲本基因组暴露于未适应的抑制机制下,胚乳内父母本基因组剂量失衡,资源竞争致冲突加剧[25],胚乳败育成为导致胚败育的常见原因。胚乳中建立母本优势即可提供一种“缓冲”机制,通过减弱外源(父本)基因的影响,可以协调杂合胚与母体环境[1]。胚乳中母本基因调控网络的优势还可能通过共享通路扩展至其他组织,从而形成整体的母本优势[69]。被子植物细胞质基因组的遗传[74]强化了母本优势。细胞功能依赖密切的核-质互作,涉及光合、呼吸作用等多种基础代谢过程[75-76]。远缘杂交后代中,与母本基因组兼容的核基因组可以避免核-质不相容引发的败育[69,77-78],因此,后代中可观察到靶向细胞器的父系同源基因功能丧失,或母系同源基因优先保留[79]。

理解单亲优势在分析远缘杂交后代的适应性逻辑十分关键。在严格控制授粉过程以及更全面的杂种鉴定基础上,单亲优势并非远缘杂交失败的表现,而体现了被子植物应对远缘亲本基因组不相容的一种适应性兼容策略。其核心机制在于使一个亲本占据主导地位,而系统性地消除另一亲本染色体、沉默或抑制其基因表达,从而规避了远缘基因组不相容引发的冲突,维持杂交基因组的结构稳定性与功能协调性,从而保障后代的正常发育和生态适应性。这种适应性兼容策略由多层次的遗传和表观遗传机制协同驱动,如染色体不对称消除、基因表达偏倚、表观遗传修饰差异等。其优势是维持远缘杂交后代基因组的稳定性与发育可行性,同时保留部分外源基因作为未来功能创新的潜在资源。

该策略有效解释了远缘杂交后代显著偏离经典孟德尔遗传规律的根本原因,是对传统遗传理论的重要补充和发展。深入理解这一克服远缘杂交不相容的策略,不仅为更有效地利用属、科间远缘杂交后代提供了新思路,也为揭示植物在进化过程中如何应对和整合远缘遗传物质、拓展适应性边界提供了重要的理论基础。

5 结论与展望

属间与科间远缘杂交后代中普遍出现的单亲优势现象,其本质是植物应对亲本遗传冲突的适应性兼容策略。通过染色体不对称消除、基因表达偏倚及表观遗传重构等机制,后代基因组以单一亲本为主导,另一亲本基因组受到系统性地消除和抑制,从而调和远缘杂交遗传不相容性,维持后代的基因组相对稳定性及正常发育,并保留部分外源遗传物质。

鉴于属、科间杂交后代可能表现单亲优势,在未来的研究中应更严格地防范计划外授粉,并避免无融合生殖等过程干扰结果;同时,采用综合鉴定策略,以父本的表型特征为初步判断方式,还应辅以细胞生物学、分子标记和组学分析等更全面的杂种鉴定,以免将表现单亲优势的后代误判为杂交失败的结果。深入解析属、科间杂交后代的变异机制,将为远缘杂交育种提供重要的理论支撑。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(32371943)

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