Perinatal fatty liver in dairy cows, a prevalent metabolic disorder, not only causes a decline in production performance and reproductive capacity but also significantly increases the risk of perinatal diseases (e.g., ketosis, abomasal displacement, and mastitis). This condition seriously restricts the high-quality and sustainable development of the dairy cattle industry in China. This article systematically reviews the classification, clinical symptoms, prevention and therapeutic strategies for periparturient fatty liver disease in dairy cattle. It deeply analyzes the multiple influencing factors such as metabolic changes, nutrition, and epigenetic regulation during the perinatal period on the occurrence and development of fatty liver, and focuses on discussing the molecular mechanisms of adenylate activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), endoplasmic reticulum stress, and insulin resistance in this disease. Building on the analysis, the article further identifies limitations in current research on the molecular mechanisms of dairy cow fatty liver. It emphasizes the need to investigate potential biomarkers and precise therapeutic targets in depth, which will provide a robust scientific foundation for elucidating key pathological processes and optimizing diagnostic tools and prevention strategies.
近年来,消费者对优质奶产品需求的持续增长推动了育种技术与营养管理体系的迭代升级,显著提升了全球牛奶产量[1]。然而,高产奶量加剧了奶牛的代谢负荷,尤其是在围产期(产前3周至产后 3周)。在此期间,奶牛在短时间内经历从妊娠至泌乳的剧烈代谢转换。这一过程伴随着能量负平衡(Negative energy balance,NEB)和内分泌紊乱,使其对营养代谢性疾病尤为敏感。流行病学调查显示,约50%的经产奶牛产后1个月内出现肝脏甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)异常蓄积,其中约30%的奶牛发展为脂肪肝或脂肪肝综合征[2]。肝脏中TG的过量沉积不仅损伤肝功能(如抑制糖异生与极低密度脂蛋白(Very low density lipoprotein,VLDL)合成),还会诱发胰岛素抵抗、炎症与氧化应激[3]。同时,脂肪肝会导致产奶量骤降和繁殖性能障碍,以及增加胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎、皱胃移位与产后瘫痪等并发症的风险。这些连锁反应最终严重损害奶牛的生产性能、使用年限及牧场的经济效益。
过去几十年,围产期奶牛脂肪肝的相关研究已从病理描述拓展至分子机制层面。研究不仅初步揭示了能量负平衡触发脂肪动员导致肝脏脂质蓄积的关联,还揭示了多条关键信号通路在奶牛脂肪肝中的调控作用。例如,Du等[4]研究发现,中度脂肪肝奶牛肝脏中p-AMPK和p-ACC1的蛋白质表达水平下调,表明腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)信号通路受到抑制。Gao等[5]研究通过转录组学分析证实,围产期奶牛主要通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR)启动肝脏代谢,应对围产后期的代谢应激。Gao等[6]研究发现,生长激素可通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular signalregulated kinases,ERK)/激素敏感脂肪酶(Hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase,HSL)信号通路,加剧围产期奶牛过度脂肪动员并降低其胰岛素敏感性。然而,现有研究成果比较碎片化,对奶牛脂肪肝发病机制的系统性认识尚不完善。因此,本文系统阐述了围产期奶牛脂肪肝的分型、临床表现、致病因素、分子机制及其预防和治疗措施,以期为后续的机理探索、风险评估与干预策略优化提供理论依据。
当Y>1时为正常,当0<Y<1时为中度脂肪肝,当Y<0时为重度脂肪肝[10]。血清非酯化脂肪酸(Nonesterified fatty acid,NEFA)、葡萄糖(Glucose,GLU)和β-羟基丁酸(β-hydroxybutyrate,BHBA)等可评估脂质动员水平,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(Glutamate dehydrogenase,GDH)等则反映肝细胞损伤,多指标联合可显著提高间接诊断的准确性。影像学方面,B超可通过测定肝实质回声及肠系膜(周血管)脂肪厚度预测围产期高产奶牛的脂肪肝风险,脂肪肝的判定临界值为肝脏深度(Depth of the liver,DL)≥152.6 mm、内脏周围脂肪深度(Depth of perivisceral adipose tissue,DPAT)≥ 175.2 mm 和内脏周围脂肪厚度(Thickness of perivisceral adipose tissue,TPAT)≥21.5 mm[11]。由于设备便携、操作简便,该方法适合在牧场现场进行快速筛查推广。然而,环境、胎次和饲养模式差异会显著影响阈值设定,限制了这些方法的普适性。因此,虽然经典Ried方程和影像学检查技术避免了活体检查,但其通用性和灵敏度仍需进一步验证与优化。总体而言,现行监测高度依赖血液学指标和肝穿刺活检,仍缺乏灵敏、无创且可在牧场现场快速应用的早期预警技术,难以及时锁定高风险个体。参考相关文献,本文还对临床上健康奶牛和脂肪肝奶牛的肝脏病理变化、采食量、产奶量以及繁殖性能进行了归纳(表1)。
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