Based on daily meteorological data and county-level statistical data in China, this study combines theoretical models and empirical frameworks to systematically examine the compound effects of short-term extreme climate shocks and long-term climate change on grain yields.Considering regional and agricultural time, food production losses under different climatic scenarios are investigated The study results show that: 1)Climate change significantly amplifies the impact of extreme shocks. The marginal suppressive effect of extreme low temperatures (yield reduction of 0.36% per°C) is 18 times larger than the impact of long-term cumulative temperature changes, while the marginal destructive effect of drought (yield reduction of 0.11% per mm) is 3.7 times greater than that of heavy precipitation. 2)Some of the losses from short-term shocks can be mitigated by long-term adaptation. For example, under a 5% positive annual cumulative temperature shock, the long-term effect leads to a 0.40% yield decline, while the short-term impact exacerbates this to 0.52%. 3)Regional differences show that the effects of short-term extreme climate shocks on grain yields exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Loess Plateau are the most responsive to heavy precipitation shocks, while the impacts in the Northwest Arid Zone are smaller or even reversed. 4)Timing differences reveal a clear time window effect. Extreme high temperatures have the most significant impact during the ‘Qingming-Lixia’ and ‘Summer Solstice-Xiaoshu’ stages, causing severe effects on spring-sown seedlings and the tasseling and grain-filling stages. 5)Future climate projections based on CMIP6 indicate that climate change will significantly reduce China’s grain production capacity. Even under the more optimistic SSP126 scenario, from 2020 to 2035, the national grain yield per unit of arable land will decline by 23.10%. The Huanghuaihai region will experience a yield decline of 31.85%. Based on these findings, the following policies are recommended: strengthening agricultural infrastructure, optimizing regional water resource management, promoting climate-resistant grains, enhancing agrometeorological early warning systems, improving agricultural insurance and financial support, and encouraging smart agriculture and adaptive technological innovations to enhance the resilience of the food production system.
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