Targeted design of crop rotation patterns in agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China under different climate change scenarios: A case study of Zhangbei County, Hebei Province
为应对气候变暖和极端天气频率增加,定向设计和优化北方农牧交错带区域农业生产的种植模式,本研究基于河北省张北县4种作物11种轮作模式的长期定位试验数据,运用调参验证后的APSIM模型(Agricultural production systems simulator),模拟该地区8种气候情景(3种温度升高、3种极端降水、2种温度升高和极端降水耦合)下228种轮作模式的产量,通过生命周期评价法、碳足迹评价法和投入产出法对比分析不同轮作模式的产能-生态-经济效益。结果表明:温度升高降低了228种轮作模式的平均10年总能量当量产量、平均10年总综合收益和平均土壤固碳量,分别减产9.85%~38.02%、减收13.61%~54.99%、降低26.25%~85.08%。相反,温度升高增加了228种轮作模式的平均10年总净碳排放量,增排51.19%~165.89%。在温度升高耦合极端降水情景下,蚕豆-燕麦轮作模式10年总能量当量产量最高,马铃薯-蚕豆轮作模式10年总净碳排放量最低,蚕豆-马铃薯轮作模式10年总综合收益最高。随着极端降水强度的增加,228种轮作模式的增产、增收和减排能力都有所下降。本研究结果为北方农牧交错带地区制定多目标协同的多样化种植策略提供科学依据,保障气候改变下的粮食安全,促进农业可持续发展。
Abstract
To address climate warming and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, this study aimed to design and optimize cropping patterns for agricultural production in agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. Based on long-term field trial data on 11 crop rotation patterns for 4 crops in Zhangbei County, Hebei Province, the APSIM model (Agricultural production systems simulator), which had been calibrated and validated, was employed to simulate the yields of 228 crop rotation patterns under 8 climate scenarios (3 warming scenarios, 3 extreme precipitation scenarios, and 2 coupled scenarios of warming and extreme precipitation) in the region. Subsequently, the production capacity, ecological, and economic benefits of different crop rotation patterns were compared and analyzed through life cycle assessment, carbon footprint assessment, and input-output methods analysis. The results indicated that rising temperatures reduced the average 10 years total energy equivalent yield, average 10 years total comprehensive income, and average soil carbon sequestration across 228 crop rotation patterns, with respective reductions of 9.85%‑38.02%, 13.61%‑54.99%, 26.25%‑85.08%. In contrast, rising temperatures increased the average 10 years total net carbon emissions of 228 crop rotation patterns by 51.19%‑165.89%. Under the scenarios of temperature rise coupled with extreme precipitation, the faba bean-oat rotation pattern had the highest 10 years total energy equivalent yield, the potato-faba bean rotation pattern had the lowest 10 years total net carbon emissions, and the faba bean-potato rotation pattern had the highest 10 years total comprehensive income. However, with the increase in extreme precipitation intensity, the yield increasing, income increasing, and emission reduction capabilities of the 228 crop rotation patterns all decreased. The findings of this study provide scientific basis for formulating multi-objective and coordinated diversified cropping strategies in agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China, ensuring food security under climate change and promoting sustainable agricultural development.
全球正在经历以变暖、极端气候事件强度和频率显著提高为主要特征的气候变化[1]。根据IPCC第六次气候变化评估报告[2]的预测,到本世纪中叶,当前适合主要作物生长的区域中,预计约有10%将不再适合气候种植。与此同时,如果温室气体(Green house gase,GHG)排放持续增加,到2 100年,全球增温幅度将可能达到4 ℃,这将直接影响作物的生长发育,导致作物产量显著下降[3]。此外,有研究表明,气候变化可能改变水循环模式,影响全球的水资源供应和需求[4],这将对雨养农业的作物产量造成重要影响,非抗旱作物因水分供应的制约,增产潜力会受到抑制[5]。因此,研究作物生产对极端气候事件的响应,对于保障作物的高产和稳产具有重要意义。
作物模型具有强大的计算能力以及多种功能,能够综合考虑气候、土壤和管理等因素对作物生长的影响,以此实现对作物生长发育全过程的模拟,可为北方农牧交错带分析不同轮作模式的作物产量研究提供有力的工具保障[20-22]。澳大利亚农业生产系统组研发的APSIM(Agricultural production systems simulator)模型是一种以土壤模块为基础的动态仿真机理模型[23],它能实现作物不同轮作模式的生产过程模拟,还可以分析不同温度、气候条件、水肥管理和种植方式等对作物产量的影响,同时为人们提供动态决策和应变管理,为作物稳产与高产奠定基础。然而,在气候变化背景下,针对包含多种作物及休耕措施的多样化轮作模式的模拟与验证研究仍相对有限[24-27]。因此,可利用APSIM模型对半干旱地区不同轮作模式应对气候变化的潜力进行量化评估,进而确定适应特定气候变化情境下的最优轮作模式。
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