This study aimed to investigate the effects of different drip irrigation amounts and fertilization rates on the “physiology-yield-quality” of spring maize in Yinhuang Irrigation District, Ningxia. A 4-factor and 3-level orthogonal array experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at Wanghong Base, Institute of Crop Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, with three drip irrigation amounts, D1 (2 310 m3/hm2), D2 (3 300 m3/hm2), and D3 (4,290 m3/hm2), and three fertilization (N-P2O5-K2O) levels of S1 (292-100-31 kg/hm2), S2 (417-143-44 kg/hm2) and S3 (542-186-57 kg/hm2) respectively, and the treatment without fertilizer application (D1S0) was taken as control. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to investigate the effects of drip irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate on maize growth, development, physiological characteristics, water and fertilizer use efficiency and yield quality. Entropy weight-TOPSIS, principal component analysis (PCA) and rank-sum ratio (RSR) were used to systematically evaluate the most suitable fertilization rate and irrigation amount combinations in Ningxia Yinhuang Irrigation District. The results showed that the fertilizer and drip irrigation significantly enhanced corn yield, ear grain weight, stem thickness, leaf area index (LAI), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), straight-chain starch content, and crude protein content (P<0.05). Among all the treatments, the fertilizer-flooding combination, D2S2, showed the best effect. Compared with the blank treatment, the plant height, stem thickness, LAI, dry matter mass, SPAD, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), seed yield, straight-chain starch content, branched-chain starch content, total starch content, and crude protein content in the D2S2 treatment increased by 12.46%, 34.45%, 71.20%, 42.59%, 25.70%, 69.90%, 63.60%, 7.79%, 17.83%, 25.62% and 3.17%, respectively. The SEM structural equation showed that the drip irrigation and fertilizer application amounts directly and significantly affected the growth, physiology, water and fertilizer use efficiency and seed yield quality of maize. Finally, a total of 14 evaluation indexes were selected from three aspects of “physiology-yield-quality” for comprehensive evaluation by three evaluation methods. The evaluation results showed that the D2S2 treatment was optimal. Therefore, the D2S2 treatment (drip irrigation of 3 300 m3/hm2 and fertilization of N-P2O5-K2O 417-143-44 kg/hm2 is the recommended fertilization and irrigation strategy to achieve high yield, high quality and high efficiency of spring maize in the Yinhuang Irrigation District of Ningxia. It is the recommended fertilization and irrigation strategy in this study to achieve high yield, high quality and high efficiency of spring maize in the Yinhuang Irrigation District of Ningxia.
第三,利用TOPSIS法进行多目标优化。首先对原始矩阵 R =[rij ] n×m,进行归一化处理,得到矩阵 F =[fij ] n×m,再乘以上述第二部分利用熵权法最终计算得到的熵权Vj,最后加权得到新矩阵 Z =[zij ] n×m,然后再计算各目标值与理想点之间的欧氏距离Di+和Di–,以及各目标的相对贴近度Ci,进而按照相对贴近度的大小排序,Ci 值越大,表明其越接近最优水平,以此特征得到10个评价组合(n)的优劣情况,形成决策依据,具体计算步骤如下:
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