1.College of Agronomy,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010019 China
2.Institute of Plant Protection,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science,Hohhot 010031 China
3.College of Agronomy,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding 071001 China
4.Inner Mongolia Shuoqiu Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co. ,LTD,Hulunbuir,010010 China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-04-16
2025-12-01
Issue Date
2026-04-15
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摘要
为明确大兴安岭南麓玉豆不同带状间作模式土壤水热变化特征及作物产量形成差异,以大豆‘东生19号’、玉米‘益农玉12号’为供试品种,2023和2024年连续2年设置大豆2行玉米4行(S2M4)、大豆2行玉米6行(S2M6)、大豆4行玉米4行(S4M4)、大豆4行玉米6行(S4M6)、大豆6行玉米6行(S6M6)和传统的大豆2行玉米2行(S2M2)等6个玉豆带状间作模式,测定土壤含水率、土壤容重、土壤贮水量、土壤温度、产量等指标,分析大豆全生育期土壤水热动态变化与产量的关系。结果表明:2年的带状间作模式中,大豆带的0—10、>10—20、>20—40 cm 3个土层的土壤含水率均随大豆生育时期的推进呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,且3个土层的土壤含水率均随玉米带行数的增加而减少,而大豆带的耗水量则随玉米带行数的增加而增加;大豆带的0—15 cm土层温度整体上随着生育时期的推进呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,且随着玉米带行数的增加而升高;2023和2024年,S4M4、S4M6、S6M6的大豆经济产量分别比S2M2高出19.86%、42.05%、76.82%和57.15%、13.31%、57.18%,水分利用效率分别高出19.16%、40.34%、76.16%和58.91%、11.13%、54.37%,且大豆带经济产量、生物产量及水分利用效率均随玉米带行数的增加而减少;而2年的群体产量、土地当量比最高值分别出现在S2M2、S4M4,但与其他处理的差异并不显著。综合间作系统作物产量、高产高效以及区域机械化作业水平等多方因素,大豆4行玉米4行(S4M4)带状间作模式更适合大兴安岭南麓旱作地区大豆和玉米高效生产。
Abstract
To clarify the characteristics of soil water and heat changes and the differences in crop yield formation among different strip intercropping patterns of corn and soybean in the southern foot of the Great Khingan Mountains, the varieties tested were soybean ‘Dongsheng 19’ and maize ‘Yinnongyu 12’. Six intercropping patterns of soybeans, 2 rows of soybeans and 4 rows of corn (S2M4), 2 rows of soybeans and 6 rows of corn (S2M6), 4 rows of soybeans and 4 rows of corn (S4M4), 4 rows of soybeans and 6 rows of corn (S4M6), 6 rows of soybeans and 6 rows of corn (S6M6), (the traditional two rows of soybeans and two rows of corn S2M2), were designed in both 2023 and 2024. The influence on the dynamic changes of soil water and heat throughout the entire growth period of soybeans, as well as their yield and water use efficiency were analyzed. The results show that: During 2023 and 2024, the soil moisture content of the three soil layers of 0-10, >10-20, and >20-40 cm in the soybean strip presented a single-peak curve variation trend with the progress of the soybean growth period. Moreover, the soil moisture content in the three soil layers all decreased with the increase of the number of rows in the corn strip, while the water consumption of the soybean strip increased with the increase of the number of rows in the corn strip. The soil temperature in the 0-15 cm soil layer in the soybean zone generally showed a single-peak curve variation trend with the progress of the growth period, and increased with the increase of the number of rows in the corn zone. During the two years, the economic yield and water use efficiency of soybeans in S4M4, S4M6 and S6M6 were all higher than those in S2M2 treatment. The economic yield was 19.86%, 42.05%, 76.82% and 57.15%, 13.31%, 57.18% higher than that in S2M2 treatment, respectively. The water use efficiency was 19.16%, 40.34%, 76.16% and 58.91%, 11.13%, 54.37% higher than that of the S2M2 treatment, respectively. Moreover, the economic yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of the soybean strip all decreased with the increase of the number of rows in the corn belt. During the two years, the highest values of group yield and land equivalent ratio occurred in S2M2 and S4M4, and the differences were not significant. Taking multiple factors such as crop yield, high yield and efficiency, as well as the level of regional mechanized operation in the intercropping system into account the S4M4 treatment can be promoted in the southern foot of the Great Khingan Mountains.
土壤水不仅与地表水、地下水相联系,而且与热量传递关系密切,从而影响作物的生长环境,进一步作用于作物生产力及其形成过程[23]。间作由于作物群体的多样性以及作物生态位的差异性,对土壤水热产生的影响较单作更复杂。高梦钒等[24]研究表明,禾本科‖豆科间作模式中,豆科作物可增加群体冠层密度,减少蒸发,从而减少土壤水分的流失。由于2023年降水量高于2024年,2023年各土层土壤含水率均高于2024年(图2);本研究中,大豆带的土壤含水量随着生育时期的推进呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,且峰值出现在开花期、结荚期,这和当地降水时期集中在7—8月有直接关联;大豆带的0—10、>10—20、>20—40 cm 3个土层和不同生育时期的土壤含水量都呈现出随玉米带行数的增加而减少的趋势,且在分枝期、结荚期、鼓粒期均较明显,而耗水量呈现出随玉米带行数的增加而增加的趋势,这与王雅梅等[25]的研究结果类似。土壤容重反映了土壤物理结构的优劣,土壤结构又影响着土壤水、气、热等参数[20],进一步作用于作物生长发育动态与产量构成。本研究中,各处理土壤容重随着土层深度的加深而增大,这与刘敏等[26]的研究结果类似。
2年的大豆玉米带状间作模式中,大豆带0—10、>10—20、>20—40 cm 3个土层的土壤含水率均随大豆生育时期的推进呈单峰曲线变化趋势,且3个土层的土壤含水率均表现出随玉米带行数的增加而减少。2023年各处理耗水量整体上显著高于2024年,且大豆带耗水量随玉米带行数增加而增加,而大豆带的经济产量、生物产量及水分利用效率均随玉米带行数的增加而减少。2年,大豆带0—15 cm土层的土壤温度整体上随着生育时期的推进呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,且随着玉米带行数增加而升高。2年,不同处理的大豆最高经济产量、最高生物产量均出现在大豆6行玉米6行的带状间作处理(S6M6);而系统籽粒产量最高值出现在大豆2行玉米2行处理(S2M2),但与大豆4行玉米4行处理(S4M4)差异不显著,S4M4分别比其他模式高出8%~22%,且S4M4土地当量比最高。综上,大豆4行玉米4行带状间作模式(S4M4)更适合大兴安岭南麓旱作地区大豆和玉米的高效生产。
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