To investigate the effects of high fertilizer application rate and high planting density (HT) cultivation pattern on wheat population structure, canopy physiological and ecology, and grain yield, a field positioning experiment was conducted in Xiuwu County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province during the 2023 to 2024 period. Three cultivation treatments were set up, including high fertilizer and high density (HT), medium fertilizer and medium density (MT), and low fertilizer and low density (LT), which simulated the super-high-yield, high-yield, and traditional farmer cultivation patterns in actual production, respectively. We surveyed and measured some population structural characteristics and canopy eco-physiological indicators, including population density, leaf area index (LAI), aboveground dry matter, green leaves per stem, flag leaf angle, post-heading canopy temperature, flag leaf photosynthetic traits, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception rate, and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Concurrently, wheat yield was determined, and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate the contribution of these measured indicators to grain yield. The results showed that: 1) The population size was significantly increased in the HT treatment from the overwintering stage to the green-up stage by increasing the number of basic seedlings (P<0.05). At the flowering stage, the LAI was 10.14% and 13.76% higher than that of the MT and LT treatments, respectively, laying a structural foundation for the construction of a high-yield population. 2) Sufficient nutrient supply under the HT treatment promoted an increase in the number of green leaves per stem and a decrease in the top leaf angle, showing an upright distribution trend, which was conducive to optimizing the light distribution within the population. Meanwhile, the canopy temperature changed gently after heading, reducing the adverse effects of high-temperature stress on grain filling. 3) The PARIR of the upper canopy in the HT treatment was increased by 14.81% and 19.23% compared with that in the MT and LT treatments, respectively. At the same time, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was significantly improved (P<0.05), which further enhanced the population LUE. As a result, the grain yield of the HT treatment was increased by 7.99% and 29.27% compared with that of the MT and LT treatments, respectively. In conclusion, in the high fertilizer and high density cultivation pattern, the formation of a high-yield wheat population is promoted by optimizing the population structure, improving the canopy physiological ecology, and enhancing the photosynthetic capacity, which provides a support for the sustainable high-yield cultivation practices of wheat in northern Henan Province.
为分析小麦群体结构和冠层生理生态等指标对籽粒产量的影响,将小麦不同生育时期的群体数量、叶面积指数、地上干物质、单茎绿叶数、抽穗后冠层温度、旗叶净光合速率和顶叶叶夹角不同等37个群个体形态结构、生理生态特征元素进行主成分分析,结果见表7。根据特征值λ≥1的原则,提取了1个主成分,特征值为37.741,方差贡献率为82.045%,能够反映不同时期小麦群个体及冠层的基本信息。特征向量对应的载荷值较高的是产量、越冬期除外的群体数量、小麦整个生育期叶面积指数、小麦整个生育期单茎绿叶数、小麦整个生育期地上干物质积累量等,主要反映了小麦群个体及冠层的相关指标。成分1与抽穗后30 d的Pn(0.39)、开花期(0.41)和抽穗期的叶夹角(-0.02)均呈负相关,其中与产量相关的是灌浆期顶叶叶夹角(0.99)、越冬期LAI(1.00)、开花期LAI(1.00)、拔节期地上干物质(1.00)、开花期地上干物质(0.99)、灌浆期地上干物质(0.99)、成熟期地上干物质(-0.99)、抽穗0 d Pn(1.00)和抽穗10 d的Pn(0.99)。
The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council’s Opinions on doing a good job in key work for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization in 2023 [EB/OL]. [--]. in Chinese)
YanR Y, ZhaoX M, XiangF Y, LiY Q, LiX X, SiZ Y, LiP H, GaoY, LiJ F. Research on the production pattern and fertilization status in China’s dominant regions of wheat [J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2024, 44(2): 230-241 (in Chinese)
WangL H, ZhangH Z, WangZ, LiJ F, GaoX, ShiJ, JiaoY, HanX, FanZ R, ZhaoQ. Population characteristics of different yield levels of winter wheat in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2020, 40(5): 594-600 (in Chinese)
[9]
NaruokaY, ShermanJ D, LanningS P, BlakeN K, MartinJ M, TalbertL E.Genetic analysis of green leaf duration in spring wheat[J]. Crop Science, 2012, 52(1): 99-109
[10]
ZhangW Y, TangL, YangX, LiuL L, CaoW X, ZhuY. A simulation model for predicting canopy structure and light distribution in wheat[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2015, 67: 1-11
[11]
KimD S, MarshallE J P, BrainP, CaseleyJ C. Effects of crop canopy structure on herbicide deposition and performance[J]. Weed Research, 2011, 51(3): 310-320
LiY B, TaoF L. Research progress on the mechanism of high light use efficiency in wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2022, 43(2): 93-111 (in Chinese)
LiuT, YangX G, GaoJ Q, HeB, BaiF, ZhangF L, LiuZ J, WangX Y, SunS, WanN H, ChenX, HuangQ W, LiuX Q. Radiation use efficiency of different grain crops in Northeast China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2020, 36(24): 186-193 (in Chinese)
[19]
ShiZ L, MaoT Y, MaL, PanH J, LiuJ H, WangD S, YangL L, ZhaiY L. Effects of delayed application of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, canopy structure, and microenvironment of winter wheat with different planting densities [J]. Agronomy, 2025, 15(2): 502
[20]
MaL J, AliM F, YeY L, HuangX H, PengZ L, NaseerM A, WangR, WangD.Irrigation and nitrogen management determine dry matter accumulation and yield of winter wheat under dryland conditions[J]. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2024, 210(5): e12745
XuT, LyuY J, ShaoX W, GengY Q, WangY J. Effect of different times of spraying chemical regulator on the canopy structure and grain filling characteristics of high planting densities[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(2): 472-484 (in Chinese)
[23]
WangC, CuiH X, JinM, WangJ Y, LiC H, LuoY L, LiY, WangZ L. Effect of combined urea and calcium nitrate application on wheat tiller development, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain yield [J]. Plants, 2025, 14(2): 277
ZhouJ H, MaoS S, MengF Y, ManJ, TongG X, LiuG M, LuoJ, XieC Y. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen topdressing in spring of wheat in Beijing suburb[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2021, 41(12): 1548-1555 (in Chinese)
ChenY Y, WangS G, YanX, LiangZ H, ShiY G, SunD Z. Relationships between stay green traits and yield of wheat under different water conditions[J]. Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 47(6): 991-997 (in Chinese)
LiG Q, TangL, ZhangW Y, CaoW X, ZhuY. Effect of nitrogen rate on vertical distribution characteristics of leaf-type in wheat with different plant types[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(1): 127-137 (in Chinese)
[36]
HuangG R, ZhangX Y, WangZ Z, LiuX Y, GuoR, GuF X, LiuE K, LiS Y, ZhongX L, MeiX R. Effect of plant architecture on the responses of canopy temperature and water use to population density in winter wheat[J]. Crop Science, 2024, 64(3): 1874-1886
LiW Y P, SongY, WangJ. Impacts of canopy temperature and precipitation on vegetation productivity across agro-pastoral ecotones[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2022, 30(6): 1319-1327 (in Chinese)
JiangJ S, ShiY, YuZ W, ZhangY L. Differences in photosynthetic characteristics and distribution of 13C assimilates of wheat in fields with different yield levels[J]. Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 55(1): 63-68 (in Chinese)
CaoS Q, ZhaoY Q, WenJ L, WangS A, ZhangR X. Studies on photosynthesis in flag leaves and its relation to grain filling course of high yield wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2000, 33(6): 19-25 (in Chinese)
ZhengX J, YuZ W, ZhangY L, ShiY.Effects of nitrogen application rate on light interception and dry matter distribution at diffe-rent layers in wheat canopy under supplemental irrigation based on measuring soil moisture[J]. Chinese Journal Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(2): 531-537 (in Chinese)
[45]
KongX, ZhaoG S. Increasing yield through wheat cultivar mixture that optimizes functional traits within the canopy[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2023, 151:126977
GuoD D, LiuZ W, ChangX H, WangY J, YangY S, WangY J, WangD M, ZhaoG C. Response of population structure, light utilization and grain yield to planting density and nitrogen topdressing in strong gluten wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2024, 44(1): 82-91 (in Chinese)
ZhangC Y, ZhangX J, WangJ, LiP W, MaW D, ChenG Y, LiZ X, WeiC Z. Dry matter accumulation and N and P nutrition characteristics of high yield drip irrigation spring wheat in northern Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2025, 45(5): 642-651 (in Chinese)
WuX L, LiC S, TangY L, LiuY B, LiB Q, FanG Q, XiongT.Effect of nitrogen management modes on grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and light use efficiency of wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(6): 1889-1898 (in Chinese)
WangY F, YangM L, ZhengJ R, LiuL, DuW T, LuoC X, ZhangS L. Physiological mechanism of differences in yield and nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of different wheat varieties[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2023, 32(3): 337-349 (in Chinese)