不同有机物料长期还田对土壤重金属含量的影响
罗粤 , 郑玉婷 , 陈琳 , 张赛 , 王姝媚 , 李子奇 , 范祖玮 , 崔吉晓 , 陈源泉
中国农业大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12) : 241 -251.
不同有机物料长期还田对土壤重金属含量的影响
Effects of long‑term return of different organic materials on soil heavy metal content
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为探究不同有机物料长期还田对土壤重金属含量影响及土壤重金属污染的风险,基于14年长期定位试验,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,设置秸秆(ST)、沼渣(BR)、菌渣(MR)、酒渣(WR)和猪粪(PM)配施无机肥还田,以单施无机肥为对照(CF),测定各处理土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn 7种重金属含量的差异,采用内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法综合评估不同有机物料长期还田后土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平。结果表明:ST的土壤Cd、As含量、MR的土壤Hg含量、PM的Hg、Cu、Zn和BR的Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Cu、Zn含量均显著高于CF,仅ST和BR的Pb含量、WR和PM处理的As含量显著低于CF。ST的土壤As最高,显著高于其他有机物料处理,BR的土壤Cd和Cr含量分别为0.177和68.0 mg/kg,显著高于ST、MR、PM和CF; PM的土壤Cu和Zn含量分别为59.00和154.33 mg/kg,高出其他有机物料处理67.0%~160.3%和73.4%~145.0%(P<0.05),MR和WR的土壤重金属积累量均显著低于ST、BR和PM。内梅罗指数法评价各处理土壤重金属风险由高到低为PM(0.458)>BR(0.299)>ST(0.282)>CF(0.270)>MR(0.265)>WR(0.264);潜在生态风险指数法评价结果由高到低为BR(15.47)>PM(12.20)>ST(11.37)>WR(10.20)>MR(10.30)>CF(9.87)。有机物料长期还田较单施无机肥会增加多种土壤重金属含量。ST可导致土壤Cd、As含量增加,BR可使土壤Cd、Cu、Zn含量增加,PM增加土壤Cu、Zn含量的效果明显;施入等氮量情况下,ST、MR和WR这3种植物源的有机物料长期还田较BR和PM 2种动物源的有机物料对增加土壤重金属污染的风险更小。综上,菌渣(MR)和酒渣(WR)配施无机肥是防控土壤重金属污染较好的有机物料培肥方案。
To explore the effects of long-term field return of different organic materials on soil heavy metal content and the risk of heavy metal contamination, based on a 14-year long-term field experiment, one-way completely randomized design was adopted. Straw (ST), biogas residue (BR), mushroom residue (MR), wine residue (WR) and pig manure (PM) combined with the equal amounts of nitrogen fertilizer treatments were set by taking single application of chemical fertilizer as a control (CF). The differences in the contents of Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn were determined. The Nemero index method and the Potential ecological risk index method were used to assess the level of potential ecological risk and the degree of contamination after long-term return of different organic materials to the field, so as to compare the heavy metal contents of the soils and the heavy metal contamination of soil after the long-term return of different organic materials to the field. The results showed that: Soil Cd and As content in ST treatment, soil Hg content in MR treatment, Hg, Cu and Zn in PM treatment and Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu and Zn in BR treatment were significantly higher than those in CF treatment, while only Pb content in ST and BR treatments and As content in WR and PM treatments were considerably lower than CF treatment. ST treatment had the highest soil As content, significantly exceeding other organic material treatments. The soil Cd and Cr contents of BR were 0.177 mg/kg and 68.0 mg/kg, which were significantly higher than those of the treatments of ST, MR, PM and CF. The soil Cu and Zn content of PM were 59.00 mg/kg and 154.33 mg/kg, which were 67.0% to 160.3% and 73.4% to 145.0% higher than those in other organic material treatments(P<0.05). Soil heavy metal accumulation was significantly lower in the MR and WR treatments than in the ST, BR and PM treatments. The Nemero index method evaluating the soil heavy metal risk of each treatment in descending order was: PM (0.458)>BR (0.299)>ST (0.282)>CF (0.270)>MR (0.265)>WR (0.264). The evaluation results of potential ecological risk index method in descending order was: BR (15.47)>PM (12.20)>ST (11.37)>WR (10.20)>MR (10.30)>CF (9.87). In conclusion, long-term return of organic materials to the field increases the content of many soil heavy metals compared with the application of chemical fertilizer alone. ST can lead to an increase in soil Cd and As content. BR increases soil Cd, Cu and Zn content. PM increases soil Cu and Zn content significantly. Organic materials of plant origin (ST, MR and WR) have less risk of increasing soil heavy metal contamination in the long term than organic materials of animal origin (BR and PM) under the condition of equal nitrogen application. In conclusion, mushroom residue or wine residue combined with chemical fertilizer is an optimal organic material returning scheme to prevent and control soil heavy metal pollution.
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