1.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
2.Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Modern Agricultural Water Resources in Arid Regions,Ministry of Education,Yinchuan 750021,China
3.Engineering Technology Research Center of Water-Saving and Water Resource Regulation in Ningxia,Yinchuan 750021,China
4.Hydraulic Research Institute of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Yinchuan 750021,China
To investigate the effects of irrigation and biochar regulation on soil quality and potato yield, a drip irrigation experiment under plastic mulch was conducted in central arid area of Ningxia from May to October 2024, using ‘Ningshu 19’ potato as the test material. A completely randomized block design was adopted with three irrigation treatments of 1 260 (W1), 1 680 (W2), and 2 100 m3/hm2 (W3), and three biochar treatments of 5 (B1), 15 (B2), and 25 t/hm2 (B3), with a local non-irrigated and non-biochar treatment as the control (CK), totaling ten treatments. Soil indicators including soil organic carbon (SOC), readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and potato yield were determined under different irrigation and biochar treatments. The relationships among irrigation amount, biochar application rate, soil organic carbon and its fractions, microbial biomass properties, nutrient contents, and yield were analyzed. In addition, the key driving factors influencing potato yield were identified based on Random Forest and structural equation modeling. The results showed that: 1) In the 0–20 cm soil layer, irrigation and biochar regulation treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions (P<0.05). Compared to the control (CK), the W2B3 treatment achieved the highest levels of SOC, ROC, POC, and MBC, with increases of 75.55%, 73.99%, 79.74%, and 80.91%, respectively. The highest content of DOC was observed under the W2B2 treatment, which was 80.18% higher than that of CK. 2) Under the same irrigation conditions, the soil carbon pool management index decreased in the order of B3>B2>B1. Under the same biochar conditions, the carbon pool management index showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing irrigation amount. 3) Different combinations of irrigation and biochar application improved the soil quality index to varying degrees. Based on the calculated results and the classification of comprehensive soil fertility levels, treatments W2B2, W2B3, and W3B3 were categorized as grade II. 4) The results of the structural equation model showed that irrigation was the key driving factor affecting potato yield, while biochar influenced yield indirectly by enhancing soil organic carbon, nutrient contents, and microbial biomass. In summary, an irrigation rate of 1 680 m3/hm2 combined with a biochar application rate of 15 t/hm2 (W2B2) was identified as the optimal irrigation and biochar strategy for potato production under mulch drip irrigation in the arid central region of Ningxia.
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