近20年玉米品种花丝花药颜色变化对产量的影响
Impact of silk and anther color variation in maize varieties on yield over the past two decades
为挖掘玉米花丝和花药颜色在育种中的潜在价值,基于2003—2022年我国北方春播玉米区和黄淮海夏播玉米区玉米审定品种信息,构建品种数据库,通过线性拟合分析花丝和花药颜色演变趋势,利用多重比较分析不同颜色花丝和花药的玉米品种产量及相关农艺性状的特征。结果表明:1)在北方春播玉米区,紫色、红色和绿色花丝品种占比分别为35.2%、25.5%和25.3%,总占比86.0%。紫色、黄色和绿色花药品种占比分别为47.1%、42.8%和4.6%,总占比94.5%。在黄淮海夏播玉米区,紫色、红色和绿色花丝品种占比分别为46.6%、28.2%和19.9%,总占比94.7%。紫色、黄色和绿色花药品种占比分别为45.3%、38.3%和8.2%,总占比91.8%。2)2003—2022年,在北方春播玉米区,紫色花丝品种占比由0.0%上升到44.8%,红色花丝品种占比由75.0%下降至25.4%;紫色花药品种占比由12.5%上升至71.6%,黄色花药品种占比由75.0%下降至14.9%。在黄淮海夏播玉米区,紫色花丝品种占比由0.0%上升至73.1%,红色花丝品种占比由75.0%下降至1.5%;紫色花药品种占比由12.5%上升至41.8%,黄色花药品种占比由87.5%下降至43.3%。绿色花丝品种和绿色花药品种占比在2个种植区域均无显著变化。3)在北方春播玉米区,紫色和绿色花丝品种平均产量分别为12.04和11.84 t/hm2,均显著高于红色花丝品种,紫色花药品种平均产量为12.14 t/hm2,显著高于黄色和绿色花药品种。在黄淮海夏播玉米区,不同花丝颜色的品种间产量无显著差异,紫色花药品种平均产量为9.80 t/hm2,显著高于黄色花药品种。4)在北方春播玉米区,紫色花丝品种平均种植密度和单位面积粒数分别为6.4 万株/hm2和3.9×107粒/hm2,分别比红色花丝品种高4.9%和2.6%;紫色花药品种的平均种植密度和单位面积粒数分别为6.4 万株/hm2和3.9×107粒/hm2,分别比黄色花药品种高4.9%和5.4%。在黄淮海夏播玉米区,紫色花丝品种平均种植密度和单位面积粒数分别为6.7 万株/hm2和3.6×107粒/hm2,分别比红色花丝品种高4.7%和2.9%。紫色与黄色花药品种间的种植密度和单位面积粒数均无显著差异。综上,2003—2022年,北方春播玉米区和黄淮海夏播玉米区审定的玉米品种花丝和花药主要颜色分别由红色和黄色演变为紫色,紫色花丝和花药的品种产量、耐密植性和单位面积粒数更高。
This study aimed to explore the potential significance of maize silk and anther colors in breeding. Information from maize varieties approved in the North China spring maize region and Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region between 2003 and 2022 were adopted to constructed database. Linear regression analysis was employed to examine temporal trend in the proportions of silk and anther colors over the year. Multiple comparison analyses were conducted to evaluate yield and related agronomic traits among varieties with different silk and anther colors. The results showed that:1) In the North China spring maize region,purple,red,and green silk accounted for 86.0% of varieties (35.2%, 25.5%, and 25.3%, respectively), while purple, yellow, and green anther comprised 94.5% (47.1%, 42.8%, and 4.6%, respectively). In the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region, purple, red, and green silks represented 94.7% (46.6%, 28.2%, and 19.9%, respectively), and purple, yellow, and green anthers accounted for 91.8% (45.3%, 38.3%, and 8.2%, respectively). 2)From 2003 to 2022, the proportion of purple silk varieties increased from 0.0% to 44.8%, the proportion of purple anther varieties increased from 12.5% to 71.6%,while red silk declined from 75.0% to 25.4% and yellow anther declined from 75.0% to 14.9% in the North China spring maize region. As far as in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region, the proportion of purple silk varieties increased from 0.0% to 73.1%,the proportion of purple anther varieties increased from 12.5% to 41.8%, while red silk declined from 75.0% to 1.5% and yellow anther declined from 87.5% to 43.3%. The proportions of green silk and green anther varieties showed no significant changes in either region. 3)In the North China spring maize region, purple (12.04 t/hm2) and green (11.84 t/hm2) silk varieties showed significantly higher yields than red silk varieties, and purple anther varieties (12.14 t/hm2) outperformed yellow and green anther varieties. In the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region, purple anther varieties yielded (9.80 t/hm2) significantly higher than yellow anther varieties. 4)In the North China spring maize region, purple silk varieties achieved 4.9% higher density (6.4×10⁴ plants/hm2) and 2.6% greater kernel number per unit area (3.9×10⁷ grains/hm2) compared to red silk varieties. Purple anther varieties showed 4.9% higher density (6.4×10⁴ plants/hm2) and 5.4% higher kernel number per eunit area (3.9×10⁷ grains/hm2) than yellow anther varieties. In the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region, purple silk varieties exhibited 4.7% higher density (6.7×10⁴ plants/hm2) and 2.9% greater kernel number per unit area (3.6×10⁷ grains/hm2) than red silk varieties, while no significant differences were observed between purple and yellow anther varieties in component of density and kernel number per unit area. In summary, from 2003 to 2022, the predominant silk and anther colors of maize varieties in both the North China spring maize region and the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region shifted from red and yellow to purple. Varieties with purple silk and anther exhibit higher yield, greater tolerance to high planting density, and a higher kernel number per unit area.
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0105000)
中国农业大学2115人才工程资助
北京市大学生创新创业训练项目(S202410019035)
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