紫花苜蓿对碱胁迫的生长与生理响应

魏天娇 ,  李广 ,  梁正伟

中国农业大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3) : 110 -117.

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中国农业大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3) : 110 -117. DOI: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2026.03.10

紫花苜蓿对碱胁迫的生长与生理响应

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Growth and physiological response of alfalfa to alkaline stress

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摘要

为探究紫花苜蓿对不同碱浓度的生长与生理响应规律,以东北松嫩平原西部为研究区,以紫花苜蓿为植物碱胁迫分析的研究对象,采用不同碱浓度Na₂CO₃(0、5、10和15 mmol/L)模拟碱胁迫的水培试验,分析胁迫处理48 h后紫花苜蓿幼苗的生长及生理特性变化。结果表明随着碱胁迫浓度增加,植株受害程度加剧。其中:Na₂CO3 15 mmol/L处理下,紫花苜蓿地上部出现倒伏;10和15 mmol/L处理的地上部生物量较对照组(0 mmol/L)分别显著降低24.62%和42.88%(P<0.05),叶绿素含量亦同步下降。此外,碱胁迫导致叶片质膜损伤和丙二醛积累,在15 mmol/L处理下MDA积累达峰值;根系超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性呈先升后降趋势,10 mmol/L处理时活性最高(较对照分别提高64.04%和74.85%);地上部脯氨酸和Na⁺含量在15 mmol/L处理下积累最多,而K⁺与Na⁺和Ca²⁺与Na⁺离子比值最低。综上,15 mmol/L碱胁迫显著抑制紫花苜蓿生长(P<0.05),诱发细胞膜脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性降低,但脯氨酸积累达到峰值。紫花苜蓿耐碱阈值约为10 mmol/L,超过该浓度则生理功能严重受损。

Abstract

To explore the growth and physiological response patterns of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under different alkali concentration stresses, hydroponic experiments were conducted in the western Songnen Plain of Northeast China. Alfalfa was taken as the research object for alkali stress analysis. Different concentrations of Na2CO3 (0, 5, 10, and 15 mmol/L) were applied to simulate alkali stress, and the changes in the growth and physiological characteristics of alfalfa seedlings were investigated after 48 hours. The results showed that with the increase of alkali stress concentration, the damage degree to plants intensified. Specifically, under the treatment of 15 mmol/L Na2CO3, the aboveground parts of alfalfa showed lodging. Compared with the control group (0 mmol/L), the aboveground biomass in the 10 mmol/L and 15 mmol/L treatments significantly decreased by 24.62% and 42.88%, respectively, and the chlorophyll content also decreased synchronously. In addition, alkali stress caused leaf plasma membrane damage and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and the MDA accumulation reached the peak under the 15 mmol/L treatment. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in roots showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The highest activities of SOD and POD were discovered under the 10 mmol/L treatment, which were 64.04% and 74.85% higher than those of the control, respectively. The contents of proline and Na⁺ in the aboveground parts were the highest under the 15 mmol/L treatment, meanwhile, the ratios of K⁺ to Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ to Na⁺ were the lowest. In conclusion, the 15 mmol/L alkali stress significantly inhibited the growth of alfalfa (P<0.05), induced membrane lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and the accumulation of proline reached its peak. The alkali tolerance threshold of alfalfa is approximately 10 mmol/L, and alfalfa’s physiological functions are severely damaged beyond this concentration.

Graphical abstract

关键词

紫花苜蓿 / 碱胁迫 / 抗氧化酶 / K+与Na+比值 / Ca2+与Na+比值

Key words

alfalfa / alkaline stress / antioxidant enzymes / K+ to Na+ ratio / Ca2+ to Na+ ratio

引用本文

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魏天娇,李广,梁正伟. 紫花苜蓿对碱胁迫的生长与生理响应[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2026, 31(3): 110-117 DOI:10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2026.03.10

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土壤盐碱化是制约全球农业可持续发展的主要非生物胁迫因素之一,其通过多重机制显著抑制植物生长发育并导致农作物减产[1]。据统计,截至2010年世界盐碱土总面积已达932×106 hm2[2],其中约60%盐影响的土壤主要分为碱或盐土[3]。盐胁迫对植物产生渗透胁迫、离子毒害和氧化胁迫等不利影响[4-5]。植物应对盐胁迫通常会采取不同策略,如增加渗透调节物质浓度来缓解渗透胁迫损害[6-7];激活抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧[5,8],主动吸收K+和维持较高的K+/Na+比值来调节离子稳态[9-10]。与中性盐胁迫(NaCl)相比,碱性盐中的盐分多以Na2CO3或NaHCO3为主,因其高pH特性对植物产生更复杂的胁迫效应。高pH不仅会破坏根细胞膜的完整性和引起氧化胁迫[11-14],影响植物的光合作用和光合电子传递[12,15-17],刺激了有机溶质(脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白)的积累[18],还会导致Ca、Mg离子沉淀并破坏根部离子平衡,使植株养分失衡而影响正常生长代谢活动[15,19-22]。因此,解析植物对碱胁迫响应的机制,将为作物抗逆育种提供新策略。
随着全球人口持续增长,粮食、饲料及纤维需求急剧攀升,但可开垦的优质耕地资源日趋匮乏,开发利用盐渍化土地已成为农业可持续发展的必然选择[23]。在盐碱地修复作物中,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)因其生物量大、营养丰富、耐盐性强等优势而备受关注,其共生根瘤菌的固氮作用还能显著改善土壤微环境[24]。以东北松嫩平原西部为例,该区域作为世界三大苏打盐碱土集中分布区之一,盐碱化面积达3.78×10⁶ hm²[1],土壤盐碱胁迫已严重制约当地紫花苜蓿的产量[20]。因此,解析紫花苜蓿的耐盐碱分子机制,是选育适应性品种、实现盐碱地资源高效利用的重要前提。
近年来,紫花苜蓿(M. sativa L.)作为重要的豆科牧草,其耐盐碱机制研究已取得重要进展。耐盐碱性品种通过增强脯氨酸合成关键酶(P5CS)活性、上调液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白(NHX)表达促进Na+区隔化、维持叶绿素稳定性以及提高抗氧化酶活性等生理生化途径来缓解胁迫伤害[25],同时维持地上部较高Ca、Mg离子含量,提高脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以适应胁迫环境[26-27]。特别是,由MsFLS13基因调控黄酮类化合物合成途径可通过清除活性氧、保护光合性能显著提升耐碱性[28]。这些发现均证实了渗透调节-离子稳态-抗氧化防御在紫花苜蓿耐盐碱机制中的核心作用。然而,过去研究多聚焦单一高pH碱性盐胁迫条件,缺乏对不同高pH碱性梯度下紫花苜蓿生理响应机制的系统解析。基于此,本研究拟以东北松嫩平原西部为研究区,以紫花苜蓿为植物碱胁迫分析的研究对象,采用模拟不同碱浓度的水培试验,探究紫花苜蓿生长指标、渗透调节能力、离子稳态及抗氧化系统的动态变化规律,旨在确定其碱胁迫敏感阈值,阐明生理响应与不同碱浓度之间的关系,以期为深入解析耐碱分子机制和品种改良提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料

紫花苜蓿品种龙牧803由黑龙江畜牧所提供,是东北地区耐盐碱且抗寒的紫花苜蓿品种,适宜在东北地区推广种植[29]。

1.2 试验方法

将紫花苜蓿种子用含有0.6%次氯酸钠的溶液灭菌10 min,并用蒸馏水冲洗3次,均匀撒播在装有蛭石的塑料盆(直径25 cm×深度20 cm)中,然后置于盛满蒸馏水的托盘中进行培养。在培养10 d(第一片三出复叶完全展开时期)后,选择长势一致的15株幼苗,转移到1 L黑色塑料桶进行水培处理,每3株幼苗用1个海绵塞进行固定,待生长到30 d,分别设置0 mmol/L Na2CO3(pH 7.03; EC 0.01 mS/cm),5 mmol/L Na2CO3(pH 10.30; EC 0.94 mS/cm),10 mmol/L Na2CO3(pH 10.63;EC 1.47 mS/cm)和15 mmol/L Na2CO3(pH 10.87;EC 2.22 mS/cm)4个不同碱浓度处理,胁迫处理持续48 h后,取地上部和根部样品用于后续指标的测定,培养条件选择人工气候箱。培养参数:白天25 ℃/晚上20 ℃,350 μmol/(m2 ·s),相对湿度70%,光照16 h/黑暗周期8 h,试验设置3次生物学重复。

幼苗地上部生物量测定是碱胁迫48 h后收集地上部分,用去离子水将其冲洗干净,再置于鼓风干燥箱中105 ℃干燥30 min,然后在75 ℃干燥,直至达到稳定质量,然后再测定干样质量。叶片质膜损伤程度采用相对电导率法测定[30];叶绿素含量采用乙醇—丙酮混合法测定[12];叶片Malondialdehyde(MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸显色法测定[31];根部样品的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性[32]和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性[33]均采用紫外分光光度计比色法测定;地上部可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮法测定[34];脯氨酸含量采用茚三酮法测定[35];Na+、K+和Ca2+含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定[20]。

1.2 数据分析

数据统计利用Excel 2016分析软件完成,数据绘图利用Origin 9.0绘图软件。利用软件SPSS 20.0(SPSS, Chicago. IL, USA)进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和Duncan方法进行多重比较,显著性差异水平为P<0.05,所有数据均由3个重复测量值的平均值和标准误差表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同碱浓度下紫花苜蓿表型特征

不同碱浓度下紫花苜蓿表型特征见图1。可见:随着碱浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿地上部萎蔫程度逐渐加重,在15 mmol/L碱浓度处理下,地上部出现明显倒伏现象。

2.2 不同碱浓度对紫花苜蓿地上部干重及叶绿素含量的影响

不同碱浓度下紫花苜蓿地上部干重和叶绿素含量见图2。可见:当碱浓度增加到10 mmol/L以上,同对照组(0 mmol/L)相比,其地上部生物量开始显著降低(P<0.05),并且在10 和15 mmol/L碱浓度下分别降低了24.62%、42.88%(图2(a));叶绿素含量也呈现出相似的变化趋势,并且在15 mmol/L处理下降到最小值2.17 mg/g(图2(b))。可见,10 mmol/L碱浓度是抑制紫花苜蓿生物量积累和光合作用的碱敏感浓度。

2.3 不同碱浓度对紫花苜蓿叶片质膜损伤和叶片MDA含量的影响

由图3可见,紫花苜蓿叶片质膜损伤程度和MDA含量随碱浓度的增加而升高,并且在10和15 mmol/L处理下的叶片质膜损伤程度分别是对照组的1.69和3.00倍(图3(a));MDA含量从碱浓度5 mmol/L开始呈现增加趋势,尽管5 和10 mmol/L碱浓度处理间变化不显著(P>0.05),但是15 mmol/L碱浓度处理下,MDA含量达到最大,值为14.09 nmol/g(图3(b))。上述结果表明随着碱浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿的质膜损伤程度和MDA含量均升高,碱浓度越大,其对紫花苜蓿的细胞膜系统的破坏程度越大。

2.4 不同碱浓度对紫花苜蓿根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

由图4可知,当碱浓度从5 mmol/L增加到15 mmol/L,紫花苜蓿根系SOD酶和POD酶活性变化趋势具有一致性,都呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。其中,10 mmol/L碱浓度处理下,紫花苜蓿根系中的SOD酶活性和POD酶活性分别增加到最大值231.64和31 388.17 U/g,分别比对照组提高了64.04%和74.85%。说明植物抗氧化酶的活性对不同碱浓度的响应规律存在差异性,而且SOD酶活性和POD酶活性对10 mmol/L碱浓度的反应更敏感。

2.5 不同碱浓度对紫花苜蓿地上部渗透调节物质含量的影响

由图5可见,在不同碱浓度处理下,紫花苜蓿地上部的可溶性糖含量变异范围从8.27到10.26 mg/g。尽管10和15 mmol/L处理下的可溶性糖含量同对照组相比,存在轻微上升现象,但是各处理间差异均不显著(P>0.05)(图5(a));地上部脯氨酸含量在15 mmol/L碱浓度处理下达到最大值10.50 mg/g,并且显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)(图5(b))。表明,在植物响应非生物胁迫过程中,可溶性糖和脯氨酸作为关键的渗透调节物质,其含量均随碱浓度的增加而呈现上升趋势。然而,相较于可溶性糖,脯氨酸含量对高浓度碱胁迫的响应更为敏感,表现出更显著的浓度依赖性变化特征。

2.6 不同碱浓度对紫花苜蓿叶片离子含量的影响

由表1发现,在10和15 mmol/L碱浓度处理下叶片Na+含量显著升高(P<0.05),分别达到对照组的20.75和43.99倍。相比之下,各处理间叶片K+和Ca2+离子含量未呈现显著差异(P>0.05)。然而,碱胁迫显著降低了叶片K+与Na+比值和Ca2+与Na+比值(P<0.05),其中5和10 mmol/L处理间的K+与Na+比值差异显著(P<0.05),而Ca2+与Na+比值则无显著变化(P>0.05)。表明随着碱浓度的增加,植物体内Na⁺的过量积累会破坏细胞膜完整性,导致膜透性增加和电解质外渗,最终扰乱植物体内的离子稳态平衡。

3 讨 论

盐碱胁迫通过高Na⁺毒害、渗透失衡及高pH胁迫三重作用机制抑制植物生长,对农业生产构成严重威胁[12, 17, 26]。质膜损伤程度也是膜完整性的重要指标,MDA是反映细胞膜脂质过氧化程度的指标[36]。本研究发现随着碱胁迫浓度的增加,叶片质膜损伤程度和叶片MDA含量呈现升高趋势,并且在15 mmol/L达到最大值。这一趋势与Zhang等[12]和Liu等[14]研究结果一致,表明高pH环境会加剧活性氧(ROS)爆发,导致膜系统严重受损。可见,10 mmol/L Na₂CO₃浓度可能是紫花苜蓿膜稳定性的临界阈值。

盐碱胁迫会破坏植物体内活性氧稳态,对细胞产生氧化胁迫。植物会激活自身的多种抗氧化酶活性来应对氧化胁迫,主要包括SOD、POD、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)等[11,37-38]。本研究发现,紫花苜蓿根系中SOD和POD活性均随着碱浓度的增加,呈现先上升又降低的趋势,这与Yin等[16] 研究具有一致性,即抗氧化酶活性与碱胁迫强度具有相关性,一般情况下,随碱浓度的升高,其抗氧化酶活性会增强,然而,15 mmol/L时急剧下降,表明极端高pH导致抗氧化酶结构破坏。

盐碱胁迫会导致大量盐分进入细胞,造成植物根系吸收困难,破坏了植株正常的生长代谢。通常,植物主要通过提高自身渗透调节能力,即主动积累有机物质如可溶性糖和脯氨酸等来提高细胞液浓度,降低渗透势和维持细胞膨压从而缓解渗透损伤[26,39]。本研究中,15 mmol/L处理组的脯氨酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),而可溶性糖仅在10~15 mmol/L组轻微增加(差异不显著)(P>0.05),这与Ashrafi等[40] 的报道结果一致,即盐胁迫强度越大,植株积累的脯氨酸含量越多,二者呈显著正相关关系。然而,糖的积累不是对渗透胁迫的简单被动响应,而是感受到高pH后主动代谢调节的结果,碱性环境可能抑制糖代谢关键酶(如蔗糖磷酸合成酶)的活性,从而抑制了可溶性糖的积累[41]。可见,紫花苜蓿主要通过增加脯氨酸的积累来增强渗透调节能力以缓解高pH碱胁迫。

植物正常生长发育需要维持必需的阳离子平衡,然而,在盐碱胁迫环境下,这一平衡系统会受到多重干扰。本研究结果显示:10~15 mmol/L Na₂CO₃处理使地上部Na⁺含量显著增加(增幅达20.75和43.99倍),而K⁺、Ca²⁺含量未呈现显著变化。其原因在于Na+和K+的水合半径相似,Na+会抑制了K+离子的吸收[17,42]。高pH碱性环境下根系活力下降,会损害细胞膜透性[12, 14],导致H⁺-ATPase活性受抑制,扰乱离子选择性吸收[21]。综上可见,紫花苜蓿可能通过选择性转运机制(如SOS1和NHX蛋白)优先维持功能器官的K⁺稳态[25],维持较高的K⁺/Na⁺比值是紫花苜蓿响应碱胁迫的重要策略。然而,本研究是基于室内可控盆栽试验开展的短期胁迫响应研究,未来仍需要在自然盐碱土环境下开展大田试验,进行长期碱胁迫(如数周或整个生育期)监测,并应用非损伤微测技术实时解析Na⁺、K⁺、H⁺等离子流动态,定位胁迫响应关键位点;通过定量PCR分析SOS1、NHX1等转运蛋白基因的表达调控网络等以深入理解离子平衡的调控机制。

4 结 论

为探究紫花苜蓿对不同碱浓度的生长与生理响应规律,以东北松嫩平原西部为研究区,测定了紫花苜蓿在不同碱浓度下的生长与生理指标,研究碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长的影响。主要结论如下:

1)10~15 mmol/L Na₂CO₃浓度处理使地上部生物量降低24.6%~42.9%,叶绿素含量下降。15 mmol/L Na₂CO₃浓度导致紫花苜蓿倒伏,紫花苜蓿耐碱阈值约为10 mmol/L;

2)15 mmol/L Na₂CO₃浓度处理时,MDA和质膜损伤最严重,表明细胞膜系统受损。根系SOD和POD活性在10 mmol/L时达峰值,在15 mmol/L时反而下降;

3)15 mmol/L处理还导致地上部Na⁺积累最多,K⁺与Na⁺比值和Ca²⁺与Na⁺比值最低,同时脯氨酸含量显著增加。

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500505)

吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(KYJF2025JJ009)

吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2022RCB001)

吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2023RCG003)

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