To invetigate the evolutionary game relationships among the, government, photovoltatic (PV) industry and rural residents, this study constructs an evolutionary game model and conducts a numerical simulations to reveal the collaborative development mechanisms of multi-actor systems in the rural distributed PV sector. The findings are as follows: 1) The more sufficient the investment in PV technology innovation by enterprises, the stronger their willingness to actively participate in distributed PV installation, accelerating the system’s stabilization toward equilibrium and enhancing the efficiency of multi-actor coordination. 2) Government incentives, such as tax benefits and green credit rewards, significantly promote tripartite cooperation. Tax incentives can lower the marginal cost of enterprise innovation but excessive subsidies may weaken the government’s regulatory momentum. Green credit rewards exhibit a notable “response threshold effect” among rural residents. 3) The penalty system should establish a virtuous evolutionary mechanism of institutional constraints-technological breakthroughs-social supervision”. The gradient-based, credit-linked, and phased differentiated penalties are conducive to strengthening the dual roles of both regulation and incentive. 4) Reputation benefits provide positive incentives for PV enterprises to participate in collaborative development, which influence government policy preferences and shape the trust expectations of rural households. This study offers policy insights into clarifying the driving mechanisms and collaborative strategies for the development of rural distributed PV industries.
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