Objective This study aims to investigate the response status, regional differences, and influencing factors of habitat quality and landscape patterns in the Huaihe River basin and the Haihe River basin, providing theoretical support and a scientific basis for decision-making in the development of differentiated ecological protection strategies for the river basins. Methods Land use data from five periods between 2003 and 2023 were selected. The InVEST model was used to evaluate habitat quality in the river basins, and landscape pattern indices were calculated. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation method was employed to analyze the response relationship and inter-basin differences between the two. Furthermore, the explanatory power of physical geographical factors on the spatial differentiation of habitat quality was explored. Results 1) Cultivated land area decreased significantly in the Huaihe River basin (-20 394.68 km²) and the Haihe River basin (-13 783.16 km²), while the areas of forest land, water bodies, and construction land all increased. Habitat quality was predominantly at low levels and declined over time, with decreases of 6.48% and 6.55%, respectively. 2) Habitat fragmentation gradually intensified in both river basins, while patch shape complexity remained stable (FRAC_MN fluctuation < 0.003). Habitat quality in the Huaihe River basin showed a positive correlation with contagion (CONTAG) and prominent negative responses to patch shape complexity and land distribution uniformity. In contrast, habitat quality in the Haihe River basin was mainly negatively affected by the intensification of fragmentation. 3) Topographic factors were the core driving factors of habitat quality changes in the Huaihe River basin (q = 0.295) and the Haihe River basin (q = 0.467), followed by atmospheric pollution stress (PM2.5, O3), exhibiting spatiotemporal dynamics. The explanatory power of the interactions among natural environmental factors was stronger than that of single factors. Conclusion The evolution of habitat quality in the Huaihe River basin and the Haihe River basin exhibits differentiated characteristics. The heterogeneity of the response mechanisms between habitat quality and landscape patterns in the river basins requires the implementation of zonal governance and targeted restoration strategies to enhance the stability and service functions of regional ecosystems.
土地是陆地生态系统的重要载体,土地利用/覆被变化(land use and land cover change, LUCC)是陆地生态系统结构和功能演变的重要驱动力,其转变深刻影响区域生境质量[1]。生境质量的空间异质性可视为景观格局所承载生态信息的映射,而景观格局分析的关键在于如何利用可量化的景观格局指数揭示生态过程,即从不同景观要素的空间组合中发现潜在的有研究意义与应用价值的规律,以进一步探究要素空间格局变化的机制机理与影响因素。生境质量对景观格局的响应能够进一步反馈至生态系统功能和影响生物多样性。对此,基于生境质量与景观格局的变化及作用关系的探究,在不同区域开展相关分析与论证。在玛纳斯河流域[2]、永定河平原段河流廊道[3]、青藏高原[4]等区域的研究表明,景观格局与生境质量间均具有显著相关性和空间响应关系,但更多关注的是单一局地区域,且跨区域对比的研究尺度相对较小,如黄土高原区兰州、西安-咸阳、太原等城镇景观格局与生境质量的对比分析[5];喀斯特地区南、北盘江流域的景观格局对生境质量响应关系的对比分析[6]等。在生境质量对不同景观格局指数的响应方面,国内外学者[7]研究表明,生境破碎化对生境质量有显著影响;景观连接度对维持物种迁移、提升区域生境质量具有重要作用[8]。景观组成和构型则共同塑造生境质量的空间异质状况[9]。此类研究共同揭示,生境质量与景观格局间存在的复杂作用机制,为开展跨区域对比和深入解析不同自然条件与社会背景下“格局-过程-服务”的耦合机理奠定了基础。
在研究方法上,生境质量的评价方法主要有实地测量调查法和模型估算法。实地测量调查法结果准确性高,但受地形、气候等条件限制,耗时长且数据取样受人为误差影响,难以覆盖大尺度区域[10]。而生态系统服务与权衡综合评价(integrated valua-tion of ecosystem services and trade-offs, InVEST)模型具有直观可视化、模拟精度较高及能够迅速检验区域生境质量的变化等优点[11],现已被广泛应用于多种情景的生境质量分析评价。同时,随着3S技术的发展,通过遥感等方式可快速获取大范围的地表信息,结合空间相关性分析能够识别局部异质性,有效揭示变量间的空间关联性,因而适用于跨区域的因素对比与复杂人地系统的研究分析。此外,地理探测器(geodetector)通过因子探测与交互探测可量化自然环境要素对生境质量空间分异的独立及协同解释力[12]。已有研究[13]表明,地形、气候、植被覆盖等自然因子通过影响资源可获得性决定生境起始质量,而PM2.5和O3等污染胁迫因子则通过破坏生物生理过程、降低光合效率和增加胁迫等方式响应加剧生境退化[14]。因此,本研究综合以上各因子代入探测框架,以评估环境要素的影响和作用关系。
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