1.School of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
2.Sinohydro Foundation Engineering Co. ,Ltd. ,Tianjin 301700,China
3.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
4.Yancheng Water Conservancy Survey Design and Research Institute Co. ,Ltd. ,Yancheng,Jiangsu 224000,China
5.General Technology Group Engineering Design Co. ,Ltd. ,Jinan 250031,China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2025-12-16
2026-03-15
2026-08-28
Issue Date
2026-09-21
PDF (2161K)
摘要
目的 为探究黄土高原地区典型滑坡重灾区根土复合体水分运移机制对边坡稳定性的影响。 方法 针对该区域根系层土体水分穿透曲线变化过程开展系统分析,通过测定土壤物理性质、大孔隙结构参数和根系参数,结合线性相关分析识别饱和导水率(Ksat)的关键影响因子,并运用冗余分析(RDA)与方差分解分析(VPA),量化各影响因素对动态过程指标出流速率变化率(CR i )的贡献程度。 结果 1)非毛管孔隙度(NCP)、大孔隙面积比(PAR)和根表面积密度(RSAD)是影响Ksat的主要因子,其中PAR与Ksat的决定系数(R²)最高可达0.99。2)土体级配和大孔隙参数整体上对出流速率变化率(CR i )有显著影响(F=2.67),基于冗余分析共解释其78.05%的约束变异。3)级配参数通过调控大孔隙结构来影响水流路径变化机制,基于方差分解分析,级配参数解释其34.8%的变异。 结论 黄土高原根土复合体饱和导水率受土壤基本物理性质、大孔隙参数、根系参数的共同影响,其主要由非毛管孔隙及0.8~4.0 mm大孔隙主导,与土壤体积质量呈负相关;根系通过促进孔隙发育改善渗透性能;而颗粒级配在不同植被类型土壤中,对饱和导水率(Ksat)的影响则呈明显差异;对于出流速率变化率,砂粒、粉粒与黏粒的比例是最主要的影响因子,研究结果为进一步理解黄土区根土复合体水分运移机制及边坡稳定性评估提供理论依据。
Abstract
Objective This study aims to investigate the water transport mechanisms in the root-soil composites of typical landslide-prone areas on the Loess Plateau and its influence on slope stability. Methods A systematic analysis was performed on the variation process of the soil water breakthrough curve within the root zone of the region. By measuring soil physical properties, macropore structural parameters, and root parameters indicators, the key influencing factors of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were identified in combination with linear correlation analysis. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) and variance partitioning analysis (VPA) were applied to quantify the contribution of each influencing factor to the change ratio of outflow velocity (CRi), which is a key indicator of the dynamic process. Results 1) Non-capillary porosity (NCP), macropore area ratio (PAR), and root surface area density (RSAD) were the main influencing factors of Ksat, with the coefficient of determination (R²) between PAR and Ksat reaching up to 0.99. 2) Soil gradation and macropore parameters overall had a significant effect on the change ratio of outflow velocity (CR i ) (F=2.67), explaining 78.05% of the constrained variation based on redundancy analysis. 3) Gradation influenced the variation mechanisms of water flow paths by regulating macropore structure, explaining 34.8% of the variation based on variance partitioning analysis. Conclusion The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of root-soil composites on the Loess Plateau is jointly influenced by basic soil physical properties, macropore parameters, and root parameters. It is primarily dominated by non-capillary porosity and macropores ranging from 0.8 mm to 4.0 mm, and is negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Roots improve permeability by promoting pore development. Furthermore, the influence of particle size distribution on saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) exhibits significant variations among soils under different vegetation types. Regarding the change ratio of outflow velocity, the proportions of sand, silt, and clay are the most dominant influencing factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the water transport mechanisms in root-soil composites of loess regions and for evaluating slope stability.
大孔隙分布规律及其结构特征是影响土体渗透性的首要因素[17],大孔隙的存在可使水流在运动过程中直接快速地进入土壤深层,显著提高土壤水分的入渗速率。本研究根据不同植被类型土壤的水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程计算得出,土壤大孔隙孔径分布在0.3~4 mm,该计算结果与王伟等[18]所测土壤大孔隙孔径范围基本一致,为进一步探究不同植被类型下大孔隙参数对饱和导水率的影响,选择能同时代表大孔隙孔径和数量的大孔隙面积比(macropore area ratio,PAR)与饱和导水率进行相关性分析(图4)。
由于不同根径的根系对于饱和导水率的影响不同,进一步将根表面积密度(RSAD)划分为0~0.5、0.5~1、1~3、3~5、>5 mm 5个量级,分别分析其与饱和导水率的关系(图7)。在2种土壤中,RSAD0.5~1 mm均与饱和导水率呈极显著线性关系(p<0.01),与饱和导水率的相关性分别为0.68、0.85。证明根系的生长明显影响土体的饱和导水率,且呈正相关,可能是因为该径级范围内的根系是形成土体大孔隙的重要因素[19],可增加大孔隙的含量和土体孔隙的连续性。在乔木土壤中,指数拟合的形式更适合表现根表面积密度(RSAD)与饱和导水率间的关系,可能是由于乔木侧根根系相对较粗,更容易形成贯穿整个土体的“裂隙”,造成饱和导水率的快速增加。
2.2 出流速率变化率的影响因素
由于研究区域内环境条件不同,所采土样的结构存在差异,土体中的优先流通道存在不同的阻力大小,而水分流动特性为沿着阻力最小的方向流动,使得土样在饱和渗透过程中土壤管道存在被冲开的现象,而当其较大的土体管道遭到堵塞时,土壤管道的排水能力发生骤降,土样中的土体管道在压力水头的作用下,处于被导通-堵塞的动态变化中,随着试验的进行,水流作用下的土粒分配效应减弱,土体管道随之趋于稳定,出水速率不再发生大幅度变化。土体管道虽然可增加土体排水速率,但是如果水流进入土体管道的速率超过管道的输送能力,那么土体管道的空腔很容易充满水,从而增加周围基质中的孔隙水压力[20]。在该情况下,土体管道遭到破坏,从而引起排水的不稳定,为探究影响出流速率变化率(CR i )的因素,选取CR i >5%的样本进行分析。
2.2.1 共线性分析
经过筛选后,有16个样品出现突变现象,选取的出流速率变化点位在示意图中用红圈标出(图8)。由于土壤大孔隙的变化主要体现在土体颗粒的运移,将土壤级配进一步划分为Pst>10 mm、Pst5~10 mm、Pst3~5 mm、Pgr1~3 mm、Psa0.5~1 mm、Psa0.25~0.5 mm、Psa0.1~0.25 mm、Psa0.05~0.1 mm、Psi0.002~0.05 mm、Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm,并计算Psa0.5~1 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm与Psi0.002~0.05 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm,结合土壤大孔隙面积比(PAR i )和根表面积密度(RSAD i )进行进一步分析。当2个自变量间的相关系数|r|>0.5时,认为存在高度共线性,需考虑剔除其一。由图9可知,根表面积密度(RSAD i )、大孔隙面积比(PAR i )和其他参数出现严重的共线性,根据相关系数矩阵和参数实际物理意义,对参数进行筛选和剔除以减小共线性对于模型结果的影响,剔除后再次绘制相关系数矩阵。剔除参数后仍有部分参数有较高的相关性,如Psa0.05~0.1 mm与Psi0.002~0.05 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm,根据其实际物理意义,计算过程并无直接关联性,未进行剔除,将保留的参数进一步分析,探究其对出流速率变化率(CR i )的影响。
为探究各影响因素对于出流速率变化率(CR i )的影响大小,将解释变量划分为2组,分别为级配参数、大孔隙参数,使用VPA计算其方差贡献率(图11)。
方差分解分析表明,级配参数单独解释出流速率变化率(CR i )的34.8%,而大孔隙参数的贡献率为0%,与土壤学基本原理一致,即大孔隙结构主要由颗粒级配(特别是粗颗粒含量)所决定[22]。二者共同解释20.2%的变异,则进一步证明,级配通过调控大孔隙结构来影响水流路径的机制。另有45%的变异未能被参数解释,造成该情况的原因可能是级配参数和大孔隙参数无法直接反映孔隙的实际变化情况,而是仅代表变化的可能性大小,在后续的研究中需进一步探究孔隙实际变化情况,寻找与之相关的参数。
在水分穿透曲线的动态响应方面,本研究发现,出流速率变化率(CR i )主要受土壤颗粒级配控制,尤其是砂粒与黏粒的比例。粗颗粒(如0.5~1 mm的砂粒)与表征流量快速变化的CR1、CR3均呈正相关,其含量较高时,粗颗粒间形成优先流通道,但也为细颗粒迁移提供充足的空间。当运移的细颗粒粒径与孔隙通道尺寸匹配时,可能发生机械筛滤作用,导致瞬时堵塞,局部水压升高后冲开堵塞,形成周期性突变[28],导致穿透曲线突变;同时,粉粒质量小、胶结弱,在水流剪切力下易启动。粉粒含量较高的土体在水流作用下更容易发生颗粒迁移与结构重组,其持续迁移动态堵塞孔隙并随机改造孔隙结构,导致出流速率发生波动[29],进一步加剧渗透过程的不连续性与突变性,与苗庆远等[30]在浑水入渗研究中的发现相似,而分散的黏粒可封堵微孔隙,在一定条件下,可能通过增强土壤胶结作用来抑制此类突变[31]。该发现从微观机制上揭示了土体在饱和状态下水分运移的不稳定性产生的原因。
本研究通过冗余分析与方差分解分析进一步量化各因素的贡献程度。结果表明,级配参数独立解释出流速率变化率(CR i )变异的34.8%,而大孔隙参数未独立解释,说明大孔隙结构本身受级配调控,其影响是间接的。该结论强调在黄土区水文模型中,应重视颗粒组成对孔隙结构的约束作用,而非单独考虑孔隙形态。因此,在接下来的研究中,应综合考虑植被类型、根系构型与土壤质地的匹配关系,避免因过度强调渗透性提升而忽视潜在的失稳隐患。
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