Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of water and nitrogen regulation on the emission patterns of NH3 and N2O and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate in saline-alkali farmland. Methods Sunflower was used as the research subject. Two irrigation gradients were set: T1, mild deficit irrigation (field capacity 65%-75%), and T2, full irrigation (field capacity 75%-80%). Four nitrogen application levels were established: N1 (0 kg/hm2), N2 (150 kg/hm2), N3 (225 kg/hm2), and N4 (300 kg/hm2). By analyzing the effects of different irrigation gradients and nitrogen application levels on NH3 and N2O emissions, the pattern characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, residue, and loss in saline-alkali land were clarified. Results Under the two irrigation conditions, with increasing nitrogen application rate, both the N2O emission flux and NH3 volatilization rate significantly increased. Peak emissions under the N4 treatment were 4.4%-21.4% higher than those under N3 and N2. Under the same nitrogen application level, the cumulative NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions under the T2 treatment were 10.10%-20.41% and 16.41%-39.77% higher than those under the T1 treatment, respectively. The gaseous nitrogen fertilizer loss rate under the T1 treatment was 7.05%-32.38% lower than that under the T2 treatment. The 15N isotope tracing results showed that the fate of fertilizer nitrogen followed the pattern: nitrogen fertilizer loss rate > nitrogen fertilizer residual rate > nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate. The residual fertilizer nitrogen was mainly concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil layer, accounting for 46.13%-63.14% of the total residual amount, and gradually decreased with increasing soil layer depth. Under the T1 treatment, the sunflower yield was higher than that under the T2 treatment by 4.12%-12.38%. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate under the T1 treatment was 8.46%-14.96% higher than that under the T2 treatment. Among them, the T1-N3 treatment achieved the highest yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, reaching 2 796.01 kg/hm2 and 26.10%, respectively. Additionally, the effects of salinity on the nitrogen transformation process were mainly related to the composition of salt ions, and Na++K+ and were positively correlated with the gaseous nitrogen emission rate (r = 0.57-0.86). Conclusion For severely saline-alkali farmland, under mild deficit irrigation conditions, a nitrogen application level of 225 kg/hm2 (T1N3) can effectively reduce nitrogen fertilizer residue and gaseous losses while ensuring nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, representing the optimal water and nitrogen management mode for emission reduction and efficiency improvement.
由图7c、图7d可知,2024年、2025年不同处理N2O排放速率。不同灌溉梯度下,向日葵现蕾期追肥2 d后N2O排放通量达到峰值,且均随施氮量的增加而升高。2024年N4处理N2O排放通量峰值较N3、N2处理分别增加9.22%、21.06%(T1),与8.09%、30.11%(T2);次年分别增加6.67%、19.03%(T1)与1.81%、19.94%(T2)。相同施氮量时,T2各处理排放峰值均高于T1,其中T2N4处理排放峰值最高达1.33 mg/(m2·h)。T2处理下N2O排放通量峰值较T1年均提高6.67%~14.26%。N2O累积排放量亦随施氮量增加而增加(表2),2种灌溉梯度下,2 a N4处理的累计排放量较N3、N2在T1下分别平均增加9.32%与20.48%,在T2下分别平均增加10.84%与21.68%。施氮量相同时,T2各施肥处理累积排放量均高于T1各施肥处理。相较T1、T2处理下,N2O累计排放量年平均增加31.41%~32.68%。T2N4处理的N2O累计排放量最为显著,其次为T2N3,与前述NH3挥发的损失规律一致,表明T2N4是导致气态氮损失风险最大的水氮调控方案。
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