坏死性凋亡在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的研究进展

徐永霖 ,  吴越人 ,  孙婧 ,  高振 ,  董竞成

复旦学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (06) : 892 -896.

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复旦学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (06) : 892 -896. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2025.06.015
综述

坏死性凋亡在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的研究进展

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Research progress of necroptosis in chronic airway inflammatory diseases

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摘要

细胞死亡方式及坏死性凋亡在炎症疾病中的作用近年受到关注。慢性气道炎症性疾病是常见的呼吸系统疾病,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病和哮喘,通常伴随持续的气道炎症,且这些疾病的发病机制复杂,涉及细胞死亡途径,坏死性凋亡在其发病机制中的作用也越来越受重视。本文对坏死性凋亡重要通路和因子进行探讨,并综述其在慢性气道炎症性疾病机制的最新进展,旨在为慢性气道炎症性疾病的研究和治疗提供新思路和新靶点。

Abstract

The mode of cell death as well as the role of necroptosis in inflammatory diseases has gained importance in recent years. Chronic airway inflammatory diseases are common respiratory diseases,such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, which are often accompanied by persistent airway inflammation, and the pathogenesis of these diseases is complex and involves cell death pathways. The involvement of necroptosis in their pathogenesis is getting more and more attention. This review introduces reviewed the important pathways and factors of necroptosis, as well as its advances in mechanism of chronic airway inflammatory diseases, aiming to provide new ideas and targets for the research and treatment of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.

关键词

坏死性凋亡 / 气道炎症性疾病 / 发病机制

Key words

necroptosis / chronic airway inflammatory diseases / pathogenesis

引用本文

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徐永霖,吴越人,孙婧,高振,董竞成. 坏死性凋亡在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的研究进展[J]. 复旦学报(医学版), 2025, 52(06): 892-896 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2025.06.015

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慢性气道炎症性疾病包括慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、支气管哮喘和支气管扩张等,其共同病理特征为气道受到慢性炎症的影响1-3。该类疾病在全球范围内持续增加,成为重要的公共卫生问题。以COPD 为例,其不仅是全球第四大死因,也是全球性重大疾病负担4-5。慢性气道炎症性疾病包括多种细胞死亡方式,如坏死性凋亡、焦亡、铁死亡等6-8,均受特定分子通路调控,但其细胞死亡形态各异。坏死性凋亡通过磷酸化的混合谱系激酶样蛋白(mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein,MLKL)使细胞膜破裂9,焦亡由gasdermin蛋白介导细胞膜形成孔洞10,铁死亡则主要由于细胞内游离铁过量导致膜的破坏11,细胞死亡最终都会引发炎症反应。
近年来备受关注的坏死性凋亡被发现与机体免疫平衡及代谢紊乱密切相关,并参与多种疾病的病理过程。相关研究多集中在肿瘤领域,揭示其具有双向调控作用——既可以促进,也可以抑制肿瘤生长,具体取决于癌症的类型与坏死性凋亡是否发生在恶性细胞或肿瘤微环境的细胞中12-13。多数研究表明,坏死性凋亡的出现与疾病的恶化和进展呈正相关,如慢性肠道炎症14、炎症性皮肤病15、骨质疏松症16、多发性硬化症17等免疫系统疾病。可见坏死性凋亡存在于众多慢性炎症性疾病和免疫系统疾病中。
鉴于慢性气道炎症性疾病的核心病理特征为持续性炎症反应,本文旨在综述坏死性凋亡在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的研究进展,并探讨其在疾病发生发展过程中的作用机制以及可能的临床应用前景。

坏死性凋亡的特征

坏死性凋亡由多种方式激活,包括感染、氧化/抗氧化系统失衡、炎症和膜受体的抗原抗体结合模式18。坏死性凋亡通路激活后导致受体相互作用蛋白激酶1(receptor-interacting protein kinase 1,RIPK1)激活,并依赖 RIPK1激酶活性形成RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL复合物(也称为复合体Ⅱb)19。基因敲除研究证实20-21,RIPK3或MLKL缺失可以完全阻断坏死性凋亡进程,进一步证明该蛋白的特异性。在形态学上,坏死性凋亡主要表现为细胞膜破裂,大量内容物释放,释放的内容物会导致免疫学中的损伤相关分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns,DAMPs),作用于招募吞噬细胞和其他免疫细胞的信号,这正是坏死性凋亡促进炎症机制的关键22-23

坏死性凋亡的调控机制

氧化应激诱导坏死性凋亡

氧化应激是细胞受到氧化损伤的一种生物学反应,表现为氧化和抗氧化系统失衡。在氧化应激的条件下,细胞内的氧化还原平衡被打破,生成大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)自由基,当活性氧以低浓度存在时,它在细胞稳态中发挥着关键作用。ROS是氧自由基的标志物,由超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和羟基自由基组成,过量的ROS会导致细胞功能障碍、蛋白质和脂质过氧化、DNA损伤,最终造成不可逆的细胞损伤和死亡24-27。三甲基锡是一种公认的ROS诱导剂,可导致氧化应激28。三甲基锡干预小鼠模型显示,ROS大量增加,坏死性凋亡相关蛋白显著提高29。核因子红细胞2相关因子2(nuclear factor‑erythroid 2 related factor 2,Nrf2)作为目前公认的抗氧化转录因子,其核转位可被胎球蛋白-A激活;然而,使用Nrf2抑制剂ML385和小干扰RNA处理加氧酶-1后破坏了胎球蛋白-A对氧化应激的调节,导致谷氨酸处理的小胶质细胞中ROS水平升高并诱发坏死性凋亡30。研究显示31:用于治疗高氧性急性肺损伤的依达拉奉能显著降低肺组织及血清中血清丙二醛水平,提升超氧化物歧化酶活性,同时降低RIPK1、RIPK3和MLKL的表达,并抑制RIPK1和RIPK3之间的相互作用;同时,坏死性凋亡抑制剂Nec-1预处理未能改善肺组织和血清中的氧化应激状态,证实氧化应激是坏死性凋亡的启动途径之一。

细胞膜表面受体转导通路 细胞膜上存在许多受体可以启动坏死性凋亡发生,这些受体包括肿瘤坏死因子受体1,死亡受体家族、Toll样受体(toll like receptor,TLR)以及胞质核酸传感器,如视黄酸诱导基因-I(retinoic acid-inducible gene I,RIG-I)和干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)32-35。它们的激活可促进Ⅰ型干扰素(type Ⅰ interferon,IFN-Ⅰ)和TNF-α的产生,从而促进坏死性凋亡的自我调节反馈循环。典型的机制包括由死亡结构域受体(如TNFR和Fas)和TLR-4/TLR-3的下游信号触发。一旦激活,这些受体会招募衔接蛋白FADD、TRADD和TRIF,并与RIPK1形成信号复合物36-37。在初始阶段,凋亡抑制蛋白通过泛素化修饰RIPK1从而激活NF-κB通路介导炎症反应。当检测到“死亡信号”后,RIPK1被CYLD去泛素化,促进RIPK3募集38-39。RIPK1/RIPK3复合物招募并磷酸化下游蛋白MLKL,磷酸化的MLKL寡聚化形成坏死体。MLKL寡聚物会迁移到质膜中富含磷脂酰肌醇磷酸的斑块并形成大孔40。最终,由MLKL形成的孔通过离子流入、细胞肿胀和膜裂解释放细胞内物质,导致坏死性凋亡。胞质核酸传感器RIG-I和cGAS/STING可诱导IFN-Ⅰ和TNF-α的产生,通过自分泌反馈的方式促进坏死性凋亡3241-42。使用抗TNF-a药物(英夫利昔单抗)治疗可显著抑制内皮细胞坏死性凋亡、改善血脑屏障破坏并提高脑卒中预后43

天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶的分子开关作用

天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(cysteine-containing aspartate-specific proteases,Caspase)家族中的Caspase-8与Caspase家族其他成员一样,由单链无活性酶原合成,Caspase-8的活性对于细胞凋亡或坏死性凋亡具有决定性作用44。当Caspase-8被激活时,其通过裂解RIPK1和RIPK3抑制坏死性凋亡,此时细胞死亡方式以凋亡为主,而发生坏死性凋亡的必备条件是抑制Caspase-845;当Caspase-8表达下调或被阻断时,死亡受体(如TLR、干扰素受体、黏附受体和DNA依赖性激活剂)将诱导坏死性凋亡信号,促使复合物-Ⅱb形成,未被裂解的 RIPK1和RIPK3相互磷酸化,进而激活效应蛋白MLKL介导坏死性凋亡46-48。研究显示,Caspase-8缺陷小鼠在胚胎发生过程中以RIPK3和MLKL依赖性方式死亡49-50。基于此机制,目前常用的坏死性凋亡实验模型常通过Caspase抑制剂(Z-VAD-FMK)和TNF-α共同刺激进行特异性诱导,充分体现出Caspase-8在该通路中“分子开关”的重要作用。

坏死性凋亡和慢性气道炎症性疾病

COPD与坏死性凋亡

COPD作为一种复杂的慢性气道炎症性疾病,其发病机制尚不清晰。研究显示51,与正常对照相比,重度COPD患者肺组织上皮和巨噬细胞中的MLKL总蛋白以及pRIPK3和pMLKL升高,提示坏死性凋亡参与疾病进程;值得注意的是,坏死性凋亡的程度与COPD患者的炎症水平、肺气肿程度和气道重塑等均呈现正相关。实验研究52发现,小鼠分别暴露于香烟烟雾(cigarette smoke,CS)1个月和6个月,暴露6个月的小鼠出现肺气肿,肺组织中p-MLKL显著上调。Ripk3-/-Mlkl-/- 小鼠在急、慢性CS暴露模型中均出现气道炎症减轻的现象53。因此,香烟暴露可能是COPD的主要诱发因素。COPD中香烟暴露诱导坏死性凋亡并不依赖RIPK1,而是直接诱导RIPK3激活,继而磷酸化MLKL诱导坏死性凋亡51-52。提示坏死性凋亡中RIPK3和MLKL可能是治疗COPD的新型靶点。在治疗方面,除了坏死性凋亡抑制剂以外,目前发现部分植物活性成分能有效拮抗坏死性凋亡,从而改善COPD。天然化合物(如3,3’-二没食子酸茶黄素54和百里醌55)可通过靶向坏死性凋亡改善COPD病理表型,为该疾病的辅助治疗提供了新的选择。

支气管哮喘与坏死性凋亡

支气管哮喘同样为慢性气道炎症性疾病,临床特征表现为可逆性气流受限和气道高反应性。支气管哮喘以Th2(T-helper 2)型炎症为主导,活化产生Th2细胞特异性的细胞因子,如IL家族中的IL-4、IL-5、IL-9和IL-13等56-57会驱动嗜酸性粒细胞浸润及气道高反应性。人源支气管哮喘血清样本和卵清蛋白/明矾(OVA/Alum)诱导的小鼠哮喘模型均显示58,P-MLKL显著上调,其表达主要发生在嗜酸性粒细胞,使用RIPK1抑制剂(Nec-1)治疗后显著减弱气道高反应性,改善支气管哮喘病理变化,抑制2型免疫反应(IL-4和IL-5),并抑制炎细胞因子TNF-α和嗜酸性粒细胞特异性趋化因子的表达,但对Th17型免疫反应或其他炎症的影响较小,这可能与嗜酸性粒细胞低表达 Caspase-8、高表达RIPK1的特性相关59。有研究发现60,坏死性凋亡同样存在于支气管哮喘患者中性粒细胞当中,并且使用Nec-1可以有效抑制中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的形成。PM2.5暴露被认为是促进支气管哮喘恶化的因素之一61,当小鼠暴露于PM2.5中,其肺组织中RIPK3和MLKL的表达上调,而阻断坏死性凋亡可显著缓解气道炎症和气道高反应性62。上述研究均发现拮抗坏死性凋亡可以减轻支气管哮喘病理过程中的炎症反应和气道高反应性,提示坏死性凋亡可能是治疗支气管哮喘的重要靶点之一。

其他慢性气道炎症性疾病与坏死性凋亡

目前关于坏死性凋亡在其他慢性气道炎症性疾病,如支气管扩张及慢性支气管炎的研究相对有限。研究发现63,非结核分枝杆菌感染继发支气管扩张患者的肺组织高表达坏死性凋亡相关蛋白,如RIPK1、RIPK3和MLKL;该研究还通过生物信息学分析发现支气管扩张与坏死性凋亡存在基因通路重叠,表明坏死性凋亡可能是支气管扩张的病理机制之一。这些发现为拓展坏死性凋亡在慢性气道炎症性疾病相关研究范畴提供了理论依据。

结语

坏死性凋亡是一种高度促炎的细胞死亡方式,其调控机制多样,通过氧化应激、Caspase-8活性等多重机制参与慢性气道炎症性疾病的进展。现有研究表明坏死性凋亡参与COPD和支气管哮喘的病理过程,抑制坏死性凋亡可以减轻相关疾病的临床特征,天然活性成分的疗效验证已凸显出治疗潜力,但机制研究仍待深入。未来需通过基础研究和临床研究来进一步评估靶向治疗的可行性,以期为慢性气道炎症性疾病提供新的干预策略。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82205044)

国家自然科学基金(82174170)

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