有机肥替代化肥对设施番茄品质、土壤理化性质、产量及经济效益的影响

Effects of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer on quality, soil physicochemical property, yield, and economic benefits of greenhouse tomato

摘要

为探明有机肥替代化肥对设施土壤理化性质、番茄品质、产量及经济效益的影响，以盐城地区主栽番茄品种京粉201和粉都312为试验材料，在等氮、磷、钾养分投入条件下，设置常规化肥（CK）、菌渣替代50%尿素（MR50%）、菌渣替代100%尿素（MR100%）、生物有机肥替代50%尿素（BF50%）、生物有机肥替代100%尿素（BF100%）及菌渣与生物有机肥各替代25%尿素（MR25%+BF25%）共6个处理，试验连续开展三茬（2024年春、2024年秋和2025年春）。结果表明，与CK相比，2025年春茬MR100%和BF100%处理的番茄果实可溶性糖含量分别显著提高1.87和1.43百分点，MR100%和BF100%处理的三茬可溶性蛋白含量均显著提高，BF100%处理在2024年秋茬和2025年春茬的维生素C含量较CK分别提高4.74%和2.14%，而有机酸含量与CK差异不显著。产量与经济效益分析表明，BF100%处理三茬累计产量较CK提高20.44%，净利润达40.05万元·hm^-2，较CK增加32.82%。综上，在等养分条件下，菌渣或生物有机肥替代不同比例尿素均可改善设施番茄果实品质并缓解土壤盐渍化，其中生物有机肥100%替代尿素处理在提升品质和经济效益方面表现最优。

Abstract

To clarify the regulatory effects of organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer on fruit quality, soil physicochemical property, yield and economic benefits of greenhouse tomato, two dominant tomato cultivars widely planted in Yancheng, Jingfen 201 and Fendu 312, were selected as experimental materials. Under equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient input, six fertilization treatments were established: Conventional chemical fertilizer (CK), mushroom residue substituting 50% urea (MR50%), mushroom residue substituting 100% urea (MR100%), bio-organic fertilizer substituting 50% urea (BF50%), bio-organic fertilizer substituting 100% urea (BF100%), and combined substitution of 25% urea by mushroom residue plus 25% urea by bio-organic fertilizer (MR25%+BF25%). The field experiment was consecutively carried out across three growing seasons (spring 2024, autumn 2024 and spring 2025). The results showed that compared with CK, the soluble sugar content of tomato fruits treated with MR100% and BF100% in the spring crop of 2025 was significantly increased by 1.87 and 1.43 percentage points, respectively, and the protein content of the three crops treated with MR100% and BF100% was significantly increased. The vitamin C content of the BF100% treatment in the autumn crop of 2024 and the spring crop of 2025 was 4.74% and 2.14% higher than that of CK, respectively, while the organic acid content was not significantly different from that of CK. The analysis of output and economic benefits shows that the cumulative output of the three batches treated with BF100% is 20.44% higher than that of CK, and the net profit reaches 400 500 Yuan·hm^-2, an increase of 32.82% compared with CK. In conclusion, under the condition of equal nutrients, both microbial residue or bio-organic fertilizer replacing different proportions of urea can improve the fruit quality of facility tomato and alleviate soil salinization. Among them, the treatment of 100% bio-organic fertilizer replacing urea shows the best performance in terms of improving quality and economic benefits.

关键词

番茄 / 有机肥 / 品质 / 土壤理化性质 / 产量 / 经济效益

Key words

Tomato / Organic fertilizer / Quality / Soil physicochemical property / Yield / Economic benefit

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基金资助

江苏省青年科技人才托举工程(JSTJ-2024-586)

2022年江苏省职业教育果蔬生产“双师型”名师工作室建设项目