姬松茸不同发酵方法栽培料的元素动态变化

Dynamic change of elements in cultivation substrates of Agaricus blazei under different fermentation methods

摘要

以传统人工法和隧道发酵法的姬松茸发酵料为试验材料，设置未发酵混合料、第 1 次发酵、第 2 次发酵 3 个阶段，对发酵过程中的理化性质和元素动态含量进行跟踪研究，以期为姬松茸的高效绿色规范栽培技术优化和重金属富集机制研究提供参考。依据农业行业标准检测 pH、电导率和水分、有机碳、总氮、总磷、总钾、铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镧、硒以及 6 种重金属（镍、铅、镉、铬、砷、汞）等含量指标，采用 Tukey 法进行多重比较分析。结果表明，两种发酵方式的栽培料 pH 和 C/N 均随发酵进程下降，各元素含量总体呈上升趋势；隧道发酵完成 2 次发酵后有机碳含量（ w，后同） （36.13%）、总氮含量（1.65%）及 C/N（21.97）均优于传统人工发酵（29.17%、1.17%、25.00）；在重金属含量方面，传统人工发酵 2 次发酵后 Pb 含量达 113.67 mg·kg^-1，Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr、As 含量分别约为隧道发酵的 1.63、15.49、2、2.96、2.24 倍，超出绿色食品相关标准限值。综上所述，在姬松茸栽培料的发酵过程中，采用隧道发酵技术，可获得营养指标更优、重金属含量显著较低的栽培料，有效降低重金属向子实体富集的风险，为姬松茸高产优质栽培奠定基础。

Abstract

Using fermented substrates of Agaricus blazei prepared by traditional manual fermentation and tunnel fermentation as materials, three stages - unfermented mixed substrate, first fermentation, and second fermentation - were established. The physicochemical properties and elemental dynamic changes during the fermentation process were tracked and determined, aiming to provide a reference for optimizing green and efficient cultivation techniques of A. Blazei and investigating the mechanism of cadmium enrichment. In accordance with agricultural industry standards, a total of 21 indicators were measured, including pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, as well as Fe, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, La, Se, and 6 heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg). and multiple comparisons were conducted using Tukey’s method. The results showed that the pH and C/N of the cultivation substrates from both fermentation methods decreased with the fermentation progress, while the content of various elements generally exhibited an upward trend. After the second fermentation, the tunnel fermentation yielded superior organic carbon content (36.13%), total nitrogen content (1.65%), and C/N (21.97) compared to the traditional manual fermentation (29.17%, 1.17%, 25.00). Regarding heavy metals, after the second fermentation in the traditional manual fermentation, the Pb content reached 113.67 mg·kg ^-1, and the contents of Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As were 1.63, 15.49, 2, 2.96, and 2.24 times higher than those in the tunnel fermentation, respectively, significantly exceeding the limit values stipulated by relevant green food standards. In conclusion, during the fermentation process of A. Blazei cultivation substrates, the adoption of tunnel fermentation technology can produce substrates with better nutritional indicators and lower heavy metal content, effectively reducing the risk of heavy metal enrichment in fruiting body, and thereby laying a foundation for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of A. blazei.

关键词

姬松茸 / 发酵料 / 元素动态 / 隧道式发酵技术 / 传统人工发酵

Key words

Agaricus blazei / Fermentation substrate / Element dynamics / Tunnel fermentation technology / Traditional manual fermentation

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基金资助

云南省科技厅科技计划项目(202404BP090002)

云南省剑川县食用菌产业科技特派团(202404BI090003)