再生性牙髓治疗在成熟恒牙中应用的临床研究进展

蒋丽 ,  何飞

国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (04) : 449 -455.

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国际口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (04) : 449 -455. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2025037
牙体牙髓专栏

再生性牙髓治疗在成熟恒牙中应用的临床研究进展

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Advances in research on the clinical application of regenerative endodontic procedures for mature permanent teeth

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摘要

目前对于成熟恒牙的牙髓根尖周病的治疗方法是以根管治疗术为主。根管治疗术技术敏感性高,要求患者有很好的依从性,且术后存在一定的牙体结构破坏、根折、再感染等风险。对于再生性牙髓治疗技术用于成熟恒牙牙髓根尖周病治疗的研究发现,该技术有望改善患牙临床症状、恢复牙体感觉反应、防御功能,使患牙在生理状态下得以长久保存。本文对近年来再生性牙髓治疗技术在成熟恒牙中临床应用研究进展进行综述。

Abstract

The prevailing approach for treating endodontic periapical diseases in mature permanent teeth is based on root canal therapy. This method is technically demanding and requires optimal patient compliance because it carries an inherent risk of postoperative structural damage, root fracture, and reinfection. A review of the literature on regenerative endodontic procedures for treating periapical diseases in mature permanent teeth indicates that the approach is expected to alleviate clinical symptoms, restore sensory responses, and the defensive functions of a tooth while allowing for the pre-servation of the tooth for an extended period in a physiological state. This article presents a review of the clinical applications of regenerative endodontic procedures for mature permanent teeth in recent years.

关键词

成熟恒牙 / 再生性牙髓治疗 / 根管治疗术 / 自体移植

Key words

mature permanent teeth / regenerative endodontic procedures / root canal therapy / autotransplantation

引用本文

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蒋丽,何飞. 再生性牙髓治疗在成熟恒牙中应用的临床研究进展[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2025, 52(04): 449-455 DOI:10.7518/gjkq.2025037

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门诊中牙髓根尖疾病就诊率较高,牙髓坏死约占83.4%[1],根尖周病约占60%[2]。目前,根管治疗术(root canal therapy,RCT)是以上疾病的首选治疗方案[3],成功率在68%~85%[4]。然而,患牙接受RCT后,患者存在感觉丧失、牙齿结构破坏后抗折力下降致根折、再感染等问题有待解决[5]。近年来,研究报道再生性牙髓治疗(regenerative endodontic procedures,REP),不仅可消除根尖周病变,而且可恢复免疫防御及感觉反应,避免牙齿受微生物攻击和有害刺激。据组织工程学干细胞来源原理,REP分为2个分支:其一,无细胞再生性牙髓治疗(cell-free regenerative endodontic procedures,CF-REP)[6],利用细胞归巢原理,与生物支架结合的生物活性因子产生的趋化作用使内源性干细胞增殖、迁移于根管内,获得牙髓血运重建。常用的生物支架是来自根尖刺破出血产生的血凝块,血凝块可诱导根尖乳头、牙髓等内源性未分化干细胞的聚集。浓缩生长因子(concentrated growth factor,CGF)或富血小板纤维蛋白(platelet-rich fibrin,PRF)、富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)等生物因子载体可引导干细胞定向分化,促进血运重建。由于CF-REP具有实用性强、安全性高,费用低廉,依从性良好而被临床广泛应用。其二,有细胞再生性牙髓治疗(cell-based regenerative endodontic procedures,CB-REP),依赖外源性干细胞、支架、生物因子置入根管内实现牙髓牙本质复合体再生。常见干细胞如牙髓干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、牙周膜干细胞、同种异体脐带间充质干细胞等置入根管内促进牙髓牙本质复合体再生。因外源性干细胞需体外扩增,操作复杂、费用高昂等缺点临床上使用较少。据临床研究和随机对照试验系统性评价[7-8]显示,在临床数据有限情况下:REP用于成熟恒牙与年轻恒牙成功率相似,年龄对根尖病变的愈合无显著影响。另外,成熟恒牙经REP治疗后获得临床症状控制、根尖病变缩小、部分患牙治疗后出现牙髓活力测试阳性反应的良好结果[9]。近年来,REP在成熟恒牙的应用疗效良好而备受关注,基础实验、Ⅱ期临床实验、随机对照试验等正在开展。

1  概述

以往REP多应用于根尖未发育完成的年轻恒牙。近几年研究[10-15]发现,REP应用于成熟恒牙也可缓解或控制临床症状,促进根尖周病变愈合,且与RCT具有相似的成功率。刘晓斌等[10]研究473例成熟恒牙,显微RCT后随访3年成功率约 82.9%。有学者[11]对37颗牙髓坏死或根尖感染的成熟恒牙进行REP手术,随访4.3年成功率为89.2%,根尖病变多在1年内发生骨质愈合。另外一项研究[12]对28例成熟恒牙进行REP或RCT,采用临床症状缓解,根尖病变减少甚至愈合,牙髓敏感性试验反应阳性作为REP成功标准,结果显示REP与RCT治疗成功率和患牙保存率相当,12 h内术后疼痛程度无显著性差异,12 h后REP组疼痛的缓解率优于RCT组。Lenzi等[13]报道1例44岁患者左上中切牙经RCT及根管再治疗后出现急性根尖周脓肿,REP治疗后经34个月随访,患牙临床症状消失,影像学检查根尖周骨密度增高;提示部分新骨形成、实现了良好的根尖炎症控制和组织修复。对REP用于成熟恒牙与年轻恒牙的相关研究进行Meta分析[14-15]发现,两者均有较高的无症状率,分别为96.2%和97.0%;成熟恒牙牙髓活力电测试阳性率达45.4%,高于年轻恒牙25.2%;成熟恒牙牙冠变色率为37.5%,低于年轻恒牙牙冠变色率62.5%。REP治疗成熟恒牙牙髓根尖周疾患在症状缓解或消除,根尖病变愈合和活力恢复是有潜力的。不仅如此,REP技术的敏感性较低,所需椅旁时间较少,可以增加患者的依从性[16]。另外,患牙有望获得敏感性、重建防御系统,使损伤牙髓被牙髓样组织修复[17]。因此,REP被推荐为根尖发育成熟恒牙的一种基于生物学的替代疗法[5,7,9],值得临床广泛关注和深入探究。

多种影像学检查方法被用于REP疗效的评估。根尖片是一种简单快捷、经济、辐射剂量相对较低的常用辅助检查工具,用于成熟恒牙牙髓坏死REP疗效评估,经随访6~12月可显示显著的根周愈合[18]。然而二维放射检查受拍摄角度及视野范围影响,可能导致影像学评估存在差异或错误[19],在根尖可透性方面只能达到中等准确性,低于锥形束计算机断层扫描(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)。另外,Mimics结合CBCT数据及根尖立体形态可准确计算根尖透射影体积,两者联合使用对根尖预后变化敏感度更高[20],是更有效的成熟恒牙REP术后的随访工具,然而三维重建技术难度高,费用昂贵,不利于临床应用的普及。因此,相较于二维影像,应用优化的低剂量CBCT进行REP术后成年恒牙根尖愈合程度的评估,可增加数据精确计算的说服力,提升结果的客观可信度[21-22]

尽管REP治疗成熟恒牙牙髓根尖周疾病在临床症状和影像学上产生良好结果,但组织学评估对牙髓活力恢复程度与量化牙髓再生至关重要[23],此评估方法可为牙髓再生质量提供确证性证据。有学者[24]报道了2例成熟上中切牙REP 3.5年后进行组织学检查,结果显示:根管内新生组织为包含骨样、牙骨质样结构及血管的纤维结缔组织,类似于发育未完成年轻恒牙REP后组织学结构。神经是牙髓活力恢复的关键结构[25],然而根管组织中并未检测到神经组织,推测血管新生后血液循环形成或血流灌注恢复是牙髓活力恢复的决定因素。以上组织学结果提示,目前REP技术距离真正的牙髓的组织学再生尚存在一定距离。

2  CF-REP应用于成熟恒牙的临床进展

CF-REP中血凝块支架简单易得,因此在REP技术中最常用,然而对于根尖闭合的成年恒牙或根尖诱导出血不足者,学者们不得不寻找其他措施:如打开引血通路、辅助生长因子、寻找其他特殊来源支架以达到血运重建目的。

口外根尖切除(extra-oral root end resection,EORER)是打开引血通路的可选方式之一。有研究[26]报道了5例根尖发育成熟异位尖牙,经根尖切除2~4 mm后,移植到缺失位置,最终4例牙髓活力恢复。异位尖牙经根尖切除后为血运重建打开通道,可能促进血运重建,这为保存成熟异位埋伏牙提供新的临床思路。病例[27-28]表明,EORER可能成为CF-REP成功的重要环节。小鼠移植牙研究[29]进一步证实,牙根截短的移植牙较未截根移植牙更有利于残留牙髓内干细胞的增殖和分化,组织学检测可见骨样及牙本质样结构形成。另一项研究[30]对根尖切除移植成熟恒牙进行组织学检查后则发现,根管内为血管化纤维结缔组织,而无成牙本质细胞,推测这可能是由于根尖切除后,骨髓、牙周膜来源干细胞驱动了牙髓血运重建。EORER自体牙移植相关研究发现,根尖孔直径大小可能是影响CF-REP预后的因素之一。有研究[31]对比不同根尖孔直径对永久坏死成熟恒牙REP的再生潜力发现,根管内结缔组织、骨组织随着根尖直径增加而增加,而炎症细胞、骨吸收随之减少,推荐患牙根尖直径至少预备至 0.4 mm。因此根尖扩大预备也可能作为CF-REP的辅助手段,有利于发育成熟恒牙根尖通道打开以及引血后干细胞聚集。

PRF、CGF是临床及研究中常用的引导干细胞定向分化的生物因子和支架材料。学者们[32]对346例成熟恒牙按1∶1的比例随机分配,分别使用血凝块、PRF支架进行REP治疗,随访2年结果显示:PRF可作为REP新型生物支架。一项动物实验[33]对比了单独REP和CGF+REP联合治疗根尖周病成熟恒牙,结果显示,两者均可见根尖周病变缩小、根尖矿化、骨陷窝形成,但CGF+REP组矿化组织更致密,提示CGF具有引导干细胞定向分化并促进成熟恒牙根尖病变愈合的潜在作用。然而,PRF或PRP均需要静脉采血、离心制作,由于实验设备要求以及需要患者接受静脉采血,一定程度限制了其临床应用。因此,学者们在制取血凝块上产生了新的想法。在1例病例报道[34]中,研究者采集患者自体上颌结节血液,转移至感染控制的根管内制作血凝块,对根尖感染的45牙进行REP治疗;最终患者临床症状消失,根尖周病变消退。此良好结局揭示,在根尖引血不足或无引血情况下,上颌结节采血制取血凝块可能是一种潜在的替代方法。

有学者对自体牙髓移植进行牙髓再生治疗也开展了研究。Feitosa等[35]报道了3例成熟单根管患牙经根管预备、抗生素冲洗后置入自体智齿来源牙髓,术后1年随访,CBCT示根尖暗影消失,根尖周病变愈合,超声多普勒监测到血运重建,牙髓电活力测试阳性。移植的牙髓由于在细胞生长、高分化潜力,操作可行性,无排斥风险上占据优势,并且移植牙髓组织内存在天然生长因子,可促进牙本质形成,引导干细胞的表型表达、分化。超声多普勒为血运重建提供了可靠的证据,揭示第三磨牙来源自体牙髓移植可能作为较好的牙髓再生方法。

结合根尖切除术或根管扩大预备打开血运重建通道,辅以生长因子、自体上颌结节血凝块支架等措施,CF-REP得以用于根尖发育成熟恒牙。自体牙髓移植作为一个新牙髓再生方法,尚需更多的临床和实验研究证据支持。

3  CB-REP应用于成熟恒牙的临床进展

随着技术革新,CB-REP用于成熟恒牙(表1)也有报道。牙髓干细胞(dental pulp stem cell,DPSC)是研究中最常用的牙髓再生干细胞来源之一。有学者[36]报道了2例CB-REP治疗病例:26岁患者17牙及29岁患者16牙均诊断为不可复性牙髓炎,提取自体第三磨牙来源的DPSC进行体外扩增后,将DPSC与集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)、胶原蛋白复合物移植入预备后患牙根管,48周后随访均观察到牙髓活力阳性、CBCT根尖周无暗影、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)信号与邻牙相当的结果。另一个病例报道[37]则使用炎症牙髓内提取扩增的DPSC以PRF为支架进行CB-REP,术后36月,右下第一磨牙临床症状消失,牙髓冷测试出现延迟反应,牙髓电活力测试阳性,激光多普勒提示血流灌注存在,CBCT 成像显示牙根中1/3有牙本质桥形成,根尖1/3有钙化桥。以上研究报道提示,DPSC作为干细胞来源用于成熟恒牙牙髓再生治疗的可行性。

当自体干细胞来源或活性不足情况下,同种异体干细胞也可以作为REP的干细胞来源。Brizue-la等[38]的一项36颗牙髓炎或根尖周炎成熟恒牙治疗的随机对照研究中,试验组(CB-REP)采用同种异体脐带间充质干细胞结合贫血小板血浆(platelet-poor plasma,PPP),对照组常规RCT,术后12个月2组随访结果显示临床疗效均为100%,无不良事件报告;在CB-REP组中,激光多普勒血流法测量的灌注百分比、牙齿敏感性及电活力测试显示阳性率显著增加。该研究提示,同种异体脐带间充质干细胞用于REP的安全性及CB-REP用于成熟恒牙的有效性。另一个病例报道[39]则以同种异体骨髓间充质基质细胞植入25年前曾接受过RCT及根尖切除术的11牙根管中,术后14月随访结果显示,患牙根尖周病变愈合,牙髓电活力及冷测试反应阳性。间充质基质细胞通过释放血管内皮生长因子等促牙髓样组织周围血管生成[40],其缺乏主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ抗原表达较少发生排斥反应[41]的性质使其成为CB-REP干细胞的可能来源之一。除此之外,脂肪间充质干细胞、人脱落乳牙干细胞等也有望成为CB-REP的干细胞来源。

4  存在问题与展望

目前国内REP技术多用于根尖发育未完成恒牙的治疗[42-45],罕见此方法用于牙根发育完成的成熟恒牙。国外相关研究数量虽较国内多,但以病例报道[30,35-39]为多,较少高质量的随机对照研究,存在报道偏倚可能性大。各研究的研究对象、随访时间、预后标准及采用的牙髓活力测试方案均不统一,如多数病例报道或研究常采用牙髓活力电测试[30,35-37,39]或牙髓活力温度测试[38-39]监测牙髓活力情况,只有2例[35,38]提到激光多普勒监测血流灌注,因此REP应用于成熟恒牙的有效性,还缺乏统一的标准进行客观比较。同时REP术后组织学成功证据不够充分。总之,目前研究结果尚不能成为支持REP治疗成熟恒牙牙髓根尖周病的完整依据[46-49],该方法仍然存在诸多挑战,在今后的成熟恒牙REP的临床试验中,需要探索合适的应对策略。采用具有统一标准的影像学、牙髓活力检测方案、明确的组织学特征等和长期随访研究,以获得REP应用于成熟恒牙的更可靠支持。

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