乡村转型视角下德国乡村旅游发展机制研^*——基于“产业-空间-制度”的分析框架

Research on the Development Mechanisms of Rural Tourism in Germany from a Rural Transformation Perspective--An Analytical Framework Based on "Industry-Space-Institutions"

摘要

在全球工业化与城市化持续推进背景下，乡村旅游日益成为推动乡村转型与重塑乡村功能的重要路径。乡村旅游并非乡村转型的既定目标或简单的产业替代，其发展成效取决于能否嵌入农业生产体系、乡村空间结构及多层级制度安排中。基于乡村转型理论，构建“产业功能嵌合-空间单元重构-制度层级建构”的分析框架，系统考查二战以来德国乡村转型进程中乡村旅游的发展逻辑与运行机制。研究发现，德国乡村旅游并非在乡村衰退背景下被动引入，而是在农业现代化、城乡关系重组与多层级治理持续演进过程中，与乡村转型同步生成、相互嵌入的一种实践形态。产业层面，乡村旅游通过农业多功能化实现与农业生产的深度嵌合；空间层面，乡村旅游推动乡村由分散项目向以村庄和区域为核心的整体空间单元转型；制度层面，欧盟、联邦、州及社区多层级政策通过长期财政支持与规则约束，为乡村旅游发展设定边界并稳定乡村转型路径。德国乡村旅游的发展是国家变迁与乡村转型在乡村空间中的具体呈现，为从长时段和结构性视角理解乡村旅游与乡村转型关系提供了重要经验，也为中国审视乡村旅游发展路径提供了有益视角。

Abstract

Against the backdrop of ongoing global industrialization and urbanization, rural tourism has increasingly become an important pathway for promoting rural transformation and reshaping rural functions. However, rural tourism is neither a predetermined goal of rural transformation nor a simple substitute for declining rural industries. Its development outcomes depend on whether it can be effectively embedded within agricultural production systems, rural spatial structures, and multi-level institutional arrangements. Grounded in rural transformation theory, this study constructs an analytical framework of "industrial functional embeddedness, spatial unit restructuring, and institutional layering" to systematically examine the development logic and operational mechanisms of rural tourism in Germany since World War II. The findings indicate that rural tourism in Germany was not passively introduced in response to rural decline. Instead, it emerged and evolved in parallel with rural transformation through ongoing processes of agricultural modernization, the reconfiguration of urban-rural relations, and the evolution of multi-level governance, becoming deeply embedded in these transformations. At the industrial level, rural tourism achieves close integration with agricultural production through the multifunctionalization of agriculture. At the spatial level, agri-tourism integration has driven a shift from fragmented, project-based development toward holistic spatial units centered on villages and regions. At the institutional level, long-term financial support and regulatory frameworks established through multi-level policies at the EU, federal, state, and local levels have defined development boundaries and stabilized transformation pathways for rural tourism. This study argues that the development of rural tourism in Germany represents a concrete spatial manifestation of broader national transformations and rural restructuring. It offers important insights for understanding the relationship between rural tourism and rural transformation from a long-term and structural perspective, and provides a valuable analytical lens for reflecting on rural tourism development pathways in China.

关键词

乡村转型 / 德国 / 乡村旅游 / 发展机制

Key words

rural transformation / Germany / rural tourism / development mechanisms

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基金资助

*教育部人文社会科学项目(22YJA710012)

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金北京外国语大学学生科研创新项目(2024JX004)

黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究规划项目(25KSB006)