间充质干细胞外泌体在外周神经损伤修复中的应用与物理调控策略

林林 ,  朱亚琼 ,  罗渝昆

解放军医学院学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (03) : 308 -316.

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解放军医学院学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (03) : 308 -316. DOI: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.26011602
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间充质干细胞外泌体在外周神经损伤修复中的应用与物理调控策略

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Application of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in peripheral nerve injury repair and physical regulation strategy

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摘要

外周神经损伤常导致长期运动、感觉及疼痛障碍,传统显微修复和自体神经移植仅能恢复功能,难以应对长段缺损与复杂损伤场景。尽管间充质干细胞移植在早期研究中展现出神经修复潜力,但其临床转化面临致瘤风险、免疫排斥、细胞存活率低及标准化困难等挑战。研究表明,MSC的治疗效应主要通过旁分泌机制而非细胞替代实现,这一发现推动了无细胞疗法的发展。MSC来源的外泌体富含miR‑21、miR‑146a、miR‑126等关键miRNA,可通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路促进轴突再生,抑制NF‑κB通路减轻神经炎症,并诱导巨噬细胞M2极化改善免疫微环境,已成为外周神经损伤生物治疗最活跃的研究方向之一。此外,以电刺激、超声、光、生物电磁场为代表的物理治疗正在从“康复手段”演变为直接调控神经再生微环境和干细胞行为的“能量药物”,并可与生物材料协同构建多功能调控平台。本文在系统梳理近年来MSC及MSC‑Exos促进外周神经损伤修复的细胞与分子机制、工程化策略和转化进展的基础上,重点评述其与生物材料及外源物理刺激的协同效应,阐明从细胞替代疗法向无细胞外泌体疗法转变的科学依据,并据此展望太赫兹等新型电磁波段在MSC预处理与微环境精细调控中的潜在应用。

Abstract

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) often leads to long‑term motor, sensory and pain disorders. Traditional microscopic repair and autologous nerve transplantation can partially restore function and make it difficult to cope with long‑segment defects and complex injury scenarios. Although mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has shown neurorepair potential in early studies, its clinical translation faces challenges such as tumorigenic risk, immune rejection, low cell survival rate, and standardization difficulties. Studies have demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are mainly achieved through paracrine mechanisms rather than cell replacement, a finding that has promoted the development of cell‑free therapies. MSC‑derived exosomes (MSC‑Exos) are rich in key miRNAs such as miR‑21, miR‑146a, and miR‑126. They can promote axonal regeneration by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, inhibit the NF‑κB pathway to reduce neuroinflammation, and induce M2 polarization of macrophages to improve the immune microenvironment. Thus, MSC‑Exos have become one of the most active research directions in biological therapy for PNI. Physical therapies represented by electrical stimulation, ultrasound, light, and bioelectromagnetic fields are evolving from "rehabilitation methods" to "energy drugs" that directly regulate the neuroregenerative microenvironment and stem cell behavior, and can collaborate with biomaterials to construct multifunctional regulatory platforms. Based on a systematic review of recent advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms, engineering strategies, and translational progress of MSCs and MSC‑Exos in promoting PNI repair, this article focuses on reviewing their synergistic effects with biomaterials and exogenous physical stimuli (electricity, magnetism, ultrasound, etc.), clarifies the scientific basis for the shift from cell replacement therapy to cell‑free exosome therapy, and accordingly prospects the potential application of new electromagnetic wavebands such as terahertz (THz) in MSC preconditioning and fine regulation of the microenvironment.

关键词

间充质干细胞 / 外泌体 / 外周神经损伤 / 物理刺激 / 太赫兹辐照

Key words

mesenchymal stem cells / exosomes / peripheral nerve injury / physical stimulation / terahertz radiation

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林林,朱亚琼,罗渝昆. 间充质干细胞外泌体在外周神经损伤修复中的应用与物理调控策略[J]. 解放军医学院学报, 2026, 47(03): 308-316 DOI:10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.26011602

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外周神经损伤(peripheral nerve injury,PNI)是一类常见且具有高度致残性的疾病,全球每年有数百万人受到影响,主要由创伤、手术、骨折、枪伤、压迫、疾病等多种因素引起[1-2]。外周神经损伤主要累及臂丛神经、尺神经、桡神经、正中神经、坐骨神经、腓总神经、胫神经等,可表现为断裂、卡压、挫伤及病变。流行病学数据显示,PNI在青壮年男性中发病率较高,尤其以上肢远端神经(如腕部及手部神经)损伤最为常见,锐器伤、交通事故、运动损伤和医源性损伤等为主要致病原因[3]。PNI不仅导致运动、感觉和自主神经功能障碍,还常伴有慢性神经性疼痛和心理健康问题,严重影响患者生活质量和社会功能[4]。PNI的病理变化包括轴突变性、髓鞘脱失和神经炎症,修复过程复杂且功能恢复有限[5-6]。目前治疗主要依赖显微外科修复和自体神经移植,但对长段缺损和复杂损伤效果不佳,且存在供体神经不足和瘢痕形成等问题[1,7]。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)及其外泌体因具备免疫调节、促血管生成和神经营养等多重作用,成为促进神经再生的研究热点[8-9]。此外,电刺激、超声和磁场等物理调控手段正逐渐被用来直接调节神经微环境和干细胞功能,提升修复效果[10-11]。结合MSC治疗与物理刺激的多模态策略为PNI的综合治疗提供了新的发展方向[9]
外泌体作为细胞间通讯的重要媒介,可携带mRNA和miRNA进行细胞间转运,其在组织修复中的作用逐渐被揭示。研究发现MSC的治疗效应主要依赖其分泌的旁分泌因子而非细胞本身的分化替代[12-13]。近年来,间充质干细胞来源的外泌体(mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes,MSC‑Exos)在神经损伤修复领域的研究呈爆发式增长,涵盖外周神经、脊髓及脑损伤等多个方向[14]
从细胞替代疗法向外泌体疗法转变的原因主要包括以下几个方面:首先,MSC移植存在致瘤风险、免疫排斥和微血管栓塞等安全隐患,而外泌体作为无细胞制剂可规避这些风险[15];其次,MSC在体内存活时间有限(通常仅数天至数周),而其治疗效应可持续数月,提示旁分泌机制是主要作用途径[16];再次,外泌体具有更好的稳定性、可储存性和标准化生产潜力,更适合临床转化[17];最后,外泌体可通过工程化改造实现靶向递送和货载优化,提供更精准的治疗策略[18]。本文将MSC与其外泌体的研究进展作为一个连续演进的整体加以阐述,以全面呈现该领域从细胞疗法向无细胞疗法发展的科学脉络。

1 外周神经损伤的病理特征与治疗瓶颈

在病理层面,PNI后可见轴突变性(如Waller变性)、髓鞘脱失、神经元凋亡、神经炎症反应、血管重塑及靶器官(如骨骼肌)萎缩等一系列复杂变化[6]。修复过程中,施万细胞的激活、去分化与再髓鞘化,以及轴突再生、炎症调控和血管新生等多个环节密切协作,但再生速度慢、再支配精度低、瘢痕形成和神经源性疼痛等问题常导致功能恢复不理想[19-20]。目前,PNI的治疗以显微外科修复为主,包括神经缝合、自体神经移植、人工神经导管、神经移位等手段。对于短段缺损,直接缝合或人工导管可取得一定疗效;而长段或复杂损伤,传统自体移植受限于供体不足、供区功能丧失及神经瘤形成等问题[21]。药物、康复、物理因子(如电刺激、超声、激光)等辅助治疗虽可在一定程度上促进神经再生,但整体功能恢复率仍不理想[22]。因此,如何通过细胞与细胞外囊泡等生物学手段重塑损伤微环境,促进施万细胞表型转换、炎症清除、血管新生与再髓鞘化,成为近年来研究热点[23]

2 间充质干细胞促进外周神经再生的机制与研究进展

近年来,组织工程和再生医学成为PNI研究热点。MSC因具备免疫调节、促血管生成、神经营养、抗炎和促进轴突再生等多重旁分泌效应,成为神经再生领域最具前景的生物治疗策略之一[24]。MSC具有自我更新、多向分化和广谱免疫调节能力,可来源于骨髓、脂肪、牙髓、脐带等多种组织,其中脂肪来源MSC(adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD‑MSCs)因易获取、低免疫原性而在PNI研究中应用广泛[25]。MSC可通过分化为施万细胞样细胞、分泌多种生长因子和调控炎症微环境,显著促进神经修复和功能恢复[26]。现有证据表明,MSC在PNI 修复中主要通过旁分泌效应而非长期存活与直接分化发挥作用。MSC可分泌神经营养因子,包括神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)及胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF);血管生成因子包括血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、成纤维细胞生长因子2(fibroblast growth factor 2,FGF2);细胞因子和细胞外囊泡等,这些分泌物可促进施万细胞去分化‑增殖‑再髓鞘化序列,支持Bungner带形成[27];调节巨噬细胞由M1向M2极化,抑制过度炎症并促进碎片清除[28];通过PI3K/Akt、MAPK、Wnt/β‑catenin等通路提高神经元抗凋亡能力并促进轴突生长[29];诱导局部血管生成,改善缺血缺氧微环境,加速再生轴突营养供给与代谢产物清除[30-31]。MSC 在适宜条件下可向施万样细胞或神经元样细胞分化,进一步强化其神经修复潜力,Chen等[32]将从人羊膜间充质干细胞(human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells,hAMSCs)分化而来的施万细胞样细胞(Schwann cell-like cells,SCLCs)移植到坐骨神经损伤大鼠模型的损伤部位,证实了在SCLCs中过表达miR‑214可促进其髓鞘形成,从而增强SCLCs对坐骨神经损伤的治疗效果。Huang等[33]利用超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒(Ferucarbotran)标记MSC,通过MRI追踪发现移植细胞在缺血性脑卒中大鼠模型中可存活至少4周,并展现出自发性神经元放电活动,证实了MSC向功能性神经元分化的可能性。Gabashvili等[34]开发了hTERT永生化人MSC系统,结合荧光蛋白和磁性标记实现双模态示踪,发现移植细胞在体内可维持至少8周的存活和功能状态。然而,MSC定向分化后的细胞在体内长期稳定性及实际治疗贡献仍存在争议。一方面,MSC衍生细胞在体内的存活率、定向迁移及功能维持尚未完全明确,部分研究指出移植细胞可能因免疫排斥或微环境不适而导致功能减弱或消失[35],另一方面,MSC衍生细胞的治疗效果可能更多依赖于其分泌的外泌体和促神经营养因子,而非细胞本身的长期整合,这使得其真正的组织修复贡献难以量化[36],尚需结合细胞追踪技术与分子机制解析加以厘清。此外,多模态成像策略(如MRI联合生物发光成像、磁粒子成像联合PET)的应用进一步提高了追踪精度和定量能力。这些技术进展为明确MSC衍生细胞的真实治疗贡献提供了有力工具。因此,尽管MSC衍生后的细胞在神经修复中展现出潜力,但其在体内长期稳定性、分化结局及其修复机制仍需进一步深入研究和验证。

3 MSC‑Exos:从细胞到“无细胞疗法”

3.1 MSC‑Exos的生物学特征与优势

外泌体是直径30 ~ 150 nm的脂双层囊泡,富含蛋白质、脂质、mRNA、miRNA、lncRNA等货载,是MSC旁分泌效应的重要媒介[37]。相比直接MSC移植,MSCExos作为“无细胞疗法”具有以下优势:可规避肿瘤形成、免疫排斥和微血管闭塞等安全风险,免疫原性更低[38];体积小、稳定性高,便于冻存、运输和标准化生产[39];同时在促进轴突生长、髓鞘再生、血管新生及免疫调控等方面展现出多重治疗潜力。不同组织来源的MSCExos均能在PNI模型中促进轴突再生和功能恢复[30,40],并呈现剂量依赖性效应[41]

3.2 MSC‑Exos促进PNI再生的机制

MSC‑Exos促进PNI再生的机制涉及多个层面的协同作用,可归纳为以下4个主要方面:

3.2.1 促进轴突生长

MSC‑Exos富含多种关键miRNA,如miR‑21、miR‑17‑92和miR‑133b,这些miRNA通过靶向抑制因子PTEN、PDCD4,激活PI3K‑AKT/mTOR和MAPK信号通路,促进背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)神经元和运动神经元的轴突生长,同时抑制细胞凋亡[42]。Bucan等[43]通过体外DRG神经元共培养和大鼠坐骨神经挤压模型,证实脂肪间充质干细胞来源的外泌体(adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes,ADMSC‑Exos)能被施万细胞和再生轴突内化,促进施万细胞增殖与DRG神经元轴突生长,改善运动功能恢复,并首次鉴定出外泌体携带BDNF、GDNF、NGF等神经营养因子mRNA。Zhang等[44]通过体内外实验证实,富血小板血浆来源的外泌体(platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes,PRP‑Exos)可通过激活PI3K/Akt通路增强脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell,UCMSC)的存活、干性及GDNF等神经营养因子分泌,显著促进周围神经损伤模型中的轴突再生、髓鞘形成与功能恢复。Danos等[45]通过小鼠背根神经节神经元模型结合药理学与基因编辑手段,发现NGF信号通过TrkA受体经磷脂酶C通路(phospholipase C pathway,PLC)通路调控轴突维持蛋白Nmnat2与Stmn2的丰度,剥夺NGF增加其表达并延迟沃勒变性,而急性NGF刺激则加速其降解及SARM1依赖的轴突退化,揭示了NGF在轴突重塑与脆弱性中的双向调控机制。Vargas等[46]通过SLAM‑seq转录组学和磷酸化蛋白质组学技术,揭示BDNF通过轴突特异性激活细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2(extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)通路重塑细胞骨架蛋白的磷酸化景观并调控促再生转录网络,从而增强人源诱导性多能干细胞运动神经元的轴突运输能力并促进损伤后轴突再生。

不同组织来源MSC‑Exos在促进轴突生长的机制方面存在差异:UCMSC‑Exos富含的miR‑146b通过TLR4/NF‑κB通路发挥神经保护作用[47];ADMSC‑Exos则以高表达BDNF、GDNF、NGF等神经营养因子mRNA为特征[43];牙髓干细胞来源外泌体(dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes,DPSC‑Exos)通过miR‑122‑5p/P53通路抑制施万细胞自噬,促进髓鞘再生[48];骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes,BMSC‑Exos)携带的miR‑26a‑5p可通过抑制增强子同源物2(果蝇)激活BDNF‑TrkB‑CREB通路,在脊髓损伤模型中显著促进轴突再生[49];Yang等[50]报道,BMSC‑Exos通过促进有髓轴突再生和激活MEK/ERK通路,减轻肌肉去神经性萎缩,促进功能恢复;Fan等[51]在糖尿病周围神经病变模型中发现,BMSC‑Exos增加轴突直径和厚度,改善神经传导速度,同时减轻肌肉萎缩。综上,MSC-Exos通过多种miRNA协同激活轴突生长信号通路,不同来源外泌体各具货载特色,未来研究应聚焦于筛选关键功能性miRNA组合,以实现更精准的轴突再生调控。

3.2.2 促进髓鞘重建

MSC‑Exos被施万细胞高效摄取后,上调修复表型相关基因c‑Jun、S100和MPZ,促进施万细胞的增殖、迁移及髓鞘蛋白表达,从而增强髓鞘重建,其中,龈源MSC‑EVs通过激活c‑Jun显著加速坐骨神经再生[28,52]。Hu等[53]发现,施万细胞样细胞来源的外泌体(Schwann cell-like cell-derived exosomes,SCLCs‑Exos)被施万细胞高效吸收,显著促进其增殖和迁移,同时上调神经营养因子和髓鞘蛋白及调控因子,促进坐骨神经损伤大鼠的轴突再生和髓鞘形成。López‑Leal等[54]研究发现修复型施万细胞表达c‑Jun,分泌的外泌体含有促进轴突生长的miRNA‑21,外泌体被神经元摄取后激活PI3K信号,促进轴突再生,揭示了c‑Jun在施万细胞修复表型及其外泌体功能中的关键作用。Huang等[55]研究发现,内皮细胞来源的外泌体促进施万细胞转变为修复表型,增强其增殖和髓鞘形成能力,机制涉及PI3K/AKT信号通路,间接支持MSC‑Exos通过类似途径调控施万细胞功能。

在髓鞘重建方面,缺氧预处理的BMSC‑Exos(Hypo‑BMSC‑Exos)通过circRNA_Nkd2/miR‑214‑3p/MED19轴显著增强施万细胞的增殖、迁移和旁分泌功能,其促髓鞘化效果优于常氧条件下的外泌体[36];Xin等[56]研究发现,富含miR‑17‑92的BMSC‑Exos促进中风大鼠的轴突和髓鞘重塑,增强运动电生理恢复。由此可见,MSC-Exos对施万细胞修复表型的调控是髓鞘重建的核心环节,预处理策略(如缺氧处理)可进一步强化外泌体的促髓鞘化效能,值得在临床前模型中系统优化。

3.2.3 免疫调控

MSC‑Exos通过携带miR‑146a、miR‑124等抑制NF‑κB信号通路,降低促炎因子IL‑6、IL‑1β表达,同时上调抗炎因子IL‑10,诱导巨噬细胞向M2型极化,改善免疫微环境,促进神经修复[57]。Sun等[58]发现,施万细胞来源的外泌体中miR‑146a‑5p通过抑制TRAF6/NF‑κB通路促进巨噬细胞M2极化,增强坐骨神经损伤后的轴突再生和髓鞘修复。Xue等[59]报道MSC‑Exos通过调控p38 MAPK/NF‑κB通路诱导巨噬细胞M2极化,减轻炎症反应,从而促进面神经损伤修复。

不同来源MSC‑Exos的免疫调控机制存在差异:Li等[52]发现,LPS预处理BMSC分泌的外泌体通过携带TSG‑6抑制NF‑κB/NLRP3信号,促进巨噬细胞M2极化,加速周围神经再生,其抗炎效果显著优于未处理组。Tang等[60]研究表明,BMSCExos携带miR‑146a通过抑制IRAK1/TRAF6/NFκB p65信号通路,减少促炎因子表达,促进脊髓损伤神经功能恢复。UCMSCExos富含的miR146b在抑制TLR4介导的炎症反应方面表现突出[47];GMSCEVs通过激活c‑Jun显著加速坐骨神经再生,同时具有良好的免疫调节特性[28]。总体而言,MSC-Exos通过多靶点抑制NF-κB炎症轴、促进巨噬细胞M2极化,构建了有利于神经再生的免疫微环境,针对性地选择或预处理特定来源的MSC-Exos,有望实现损伤不同阶段的精准免疫干预。

3.2.4 促进血管生成

部分MSC‑Exos富含血管生成因子VEGF、Ang‑1及miR‑126,促进内皮细胞迁移和血管形成[61],提高损伤神经区血管密度,支持轴突和施万细胞存活[44,62]。Zhang等[63]发现,过表达miR‑126的BMSCExos显著促进人脐静脉内皮细胞的增殖、迁移和管腔形成,同时上调VEGF和Ang‑1表达,激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,增强体内新生毛细血管形成。

不同来源MSC‑Exos在血管生成方面的研究也有所不同:ADMSC‑Exos因高表达VEGF和Ang‑1而具有较强的促血管生成能力;UCMSC‑Exos通过miR‑126转运提升缺血再灌注损伤内皮细胞的增殖、迁移和管形成能力,伴随VEGF等促血管因子表达增加,激活PI3K/Akt/eNOS通路[64];Huang等[65]研究发现miR‑126修饰的BMSC‑Exos在脊髓损伤模型中促进血管生成和神经再生,减少细胞凋亡。综合来看,MSC-Exos通过携带促血管生成因子和功能性miRNA重塑损伤区血管微环境,血管化程度的提升是轴突再生和施万细胞功能维持的重要基础,将促血管生成策略与神经再生靶向治疗相结合,或将成为PNI修复的重要突破方向。

4 MSC‑Exos与生物材料联合及工程化改造:持续释放与靶向递送策略

单次或短时注射Exos容易在体内快速清除,限制疗效持续性。为此,大量研究致力于将MSC‑Exos与各类神经导管、水凝胶及去细胞神经支架结合,实现局部富集与持续释放[66]。常见策略包括MSC‑Exos负载于去细胞神经支架、多糖导管(如壳聚糖、几丁聚糖)和水凝胶中,这些载体不仅提供物理支撑,还能延长Exos在损伤部位的滞留时间,促进神经功能恢复和组织再生[29,67]

MSCExos可通过工程化改造来装载特定的微小核糖核酸(miRNA)、药物或蛋白质,实现“可编程cargo”的靶向递送。对母代MSCs进行基因修饰或采用直接装载等技术,能让间充质干细胞外泌体携带可调节疾病通路的治疗性微小核糖核酸,提高治疗的特异性和有效性[68-69]。这些工程化外泌体能保护其cargo免受降解,改善靶向递送,并减少脱靶效应[70]。Yang等[71]将携带神经营养因子NT‑3 mRNA的ADMSCExos负载于神经导管中,稳定释放促进大鼠坐骨神经缺损修复,显著提升神经再生和肌肉功能恢复。Huang等[72]报道,内皮细胞来源的Netrin‑1工程化外泌体通过调控关键信号通路,促进血管微环境形成,进而促进外周神经再生。Rao等[73]将GMSC-Exos与可降解甲壳素导管联合应用,显著促进大鼠坐骨神经再生。

5 增强MSCExos功能的预处理与工程化策略

MSC或Exos的治疗效果受制于MSC衰老、Exos产量有限及货载功能“平均化”等问题,如何“放大”和“定向”其效应是当前研究前沿。

多种预处理策略(炎性因子、药物、小分子、血小板相关产物等)可显著改变MSC分泌谱和外泌体货载,从而增强神经修复能力。富血小板血浆来源外泌体预处理MSC,可显著提高MSC活力、迁移和抗凋亡能力,激活PI3K/Akt通路,增强GDNF等神经营养因子分泌;在PNI模型中,PRP‑Exos处理的MSC表现为更强的轴突再生、再髓鞘化和功能恢复[44]。除PRP‑Exos外,缺氧预处理的内皮细胞Exos处理MSC,可使所获MSC-Exos的促血管生成、抗炎及抗凋亡能力显著增强,从而改善组织保护和功能恢复[74]

6 物理刺激联合间充质干细胞在神经修复中的生物调控机制及太赫兹波的应用前景

物理刺激(电、磁、机械、光、超声及电磁波等)在外周神经再生中的应用日益受到关注,正逐步从传统康复辅助转变为直接调控神经微环境和干细胞行为的“能量药物”,既可直接作用于神经元、施万细胞,也可通过调控MSC行为实现间接促进[75]。电刺激与导电支架联合MSC被证实可改善神经电生理成熟和功能恢复,促进轴突生长、施万细胞增殖及髓鞘再生,主要通过激活cAMP、PI3K/AKT、MEK/ERK等信号通路实现[76-77]

在脉冲电磁场方面,Lee等[78]研究发现脉冲电磁场可通过调节局部微环境促进大鼠坐骨神经挤压伤后的再生;Zhu等[79]证实脉冲电磁场可改善延迟修复(1个月后)的外周神经再生效果。在低强度脉冲超声方面,Ye等[80]发现低强度脉冲超声联合施万细胞外泌体通过PI3K/Akt/FoxO信号通路促进海绵体神经再生;Li等[81]证实低强度脉冲超声可通过增强施万细胞介导的神经再生改善双侧海绵体神经损伤导致的勃起功能障碍。在光生物调节方面,Chang等[82]研究证实光生物调节对AD‑MSCs的活力、迁移和外泌体分泌呈双相剂量效应,为光生物调节调控MSC-Exos产量提供了直接实验依据;Zhang等[83]发现光生物调节可通过ERK1/2信号通路增强牙髓干细胞的神经分化能力。在机械刺激方面,Cheng等[84]发现周期性应变与电刺激联合可改善骨髓MSC的神经分化效果;Ma等[85]揭示机械拉伸通过Piezo1/F-actin/YAP轴促进MSC迁移,为机械力调控MSC功能提供了新的分子机制。

这些物理刺激不仅改善了神经组织的结构与功能恢复,还通过调节细胞信号通路和微环境,促进神经再生的多层次生物学过程[86],展现出广阔的临床应用前景。近年来太赫兹波的生物调控机制亦受到广泛重视。太赫兹(terahertz,THz)波作为0.1 ~ 10 THz频段的电磁辐射,对应波长为0.03 ~ 3.0 mm,光子能量为0.41 ~ 41meV[87],远低于X射线,不会对生物组织造成电离损伤,具有较高的生物安全性[88]。关于THz波调控细胞功能的具体参数,近年研究提供了重要参考:在频率选择上,0.1 ~ 3 THz范围内的辐照对神经细胞具有显著生物学效应[89-90];在功率密度方面,目前尚无统一的国际标准。根据现有研究,低强度辐射(<0.1 mW/cm²)通常被认为是安全的,可促进神经元突触可塑性而不引起明显损伤[91],中等强度(1 ~ 10 mW/cm²)可调节细胞增殖和基因表达[92],高强度(>100 mW/cm²)则可能诱导细胞凋亡等生物效应[89];在辐照时间上,短时累积辐照(10 ~ 30 min)可调节神经元结构而不引起细胞死亡,而长时间暴露(>60 min)需谨慎评估安全性。2.52 THz、100 mW/cm²的辐照参数可显著增强人脐静脉内皮细胞的血管生成能力,通过激活电压门控钙离子通道和VEGF信号通路实现[93]

Sun等[94]通过研究发现,THz波能够增强神经元的兴奋性并可提升突触可塑性,主要通过激活CaMKIIδ和NF‑κB信号通路,从而促进神经修复和功能恢复。Zhao等[95]研究发现,THz波能增强神经元突触传递和少突胶质细胞分化,促进髓鞘形成,并可以调节不同神经元细胞的功能,进一步提示THz波在促进神经功能恢复中的潜在价值。Peng等[96]研究发现高频THz刺激可能通过增强电压门控钾离子电导和漏钾电导,降低前扣带皮层锥体神经元的兴奋性,从而缓解神经性疼痛,提示THz波在神经调控领域具有重要应用前景。

与传统物理刺激相比,THz波具有以下独特优势,使其在成像与传感领域发展迅速,成为潜在的“物理调控工具”:(1)非电离性——光子能量仅为X射线的百万分之一,生物安全性高;(2)分子共振特性——THz频段包含氢键、范德华力等分子间相互作用的特征振动频率,用来无标记地区分蛋白构象变化、药物晶型差异,甚至早期识别单碱基突变[97],从而实现分子水平的精准调控;(3)非接触性——无需植入电极或直接接触,可实现远程调控;(4)穿透性适中——可穿透皮肤和浅表组织,影响神经细胞膜结构、基因表达及细胞因子水平,从而促进神经再生和功能恢复[98],适用于外周神经修复。然而,THz技术在神经修复领域的应用仍处于早期探索阶段,其调控MSCExos产量与货载的具体参数(如最佳频率、功率密度、辐照时间等)尚需系统研究,与传统物理刺激的协同效应也有待进一步探索[43]

7 挑战与展望

尽管MSC及其外泌体在PNI修复中的基础与转化研究取得显著进展,但在迈向临床之前仍面临多重挑战。

一是工程化Exos的靶向递送效率不足:目前研究表明,系统给药后仅有约5% ~ 10%的外泌体能够到达靶组织,大部分被肝脏、脾脏等网状内皮系统快速清除[15]。虽然表面修饰(如RVG肽、整合素配体)可提高神经组织靶向性,但修饰过程可能影响外泌体的生物活性和稳定性。此外,外泌体在复杂损伤微环境中的分布、摄取和胞内转运机制尚未完全阐明,限制了靶向策略的优化[68]

二是物理刺激与MSC‑Exos协同作用的分子机制尚未完全阐明:虽然电刺激、磁场、超声等物理因子已被证实可增强MSC的增殖、迁移及分泌功能,调控神经细胞和干细胞的分化及外泌体释放,从而间接促进神经修复,为“物理预处理MSC‑Exos”提供了概念基础,但其调控外泌体生成和货载组成的具体信号通路(如机械敏感通道Piezo1/2、钙信号、MAPK级联等)仍需深入研究[75]。特别是THz波作为新兴调控手段,其与MSC相互作用的分子靶点、剂量‑效应关系及长期安全性均缺乏系统评估[43]。建立物理刺激参数‑细胞响应‑外泌体功能的定量关系模型,是实现精准调控的关键。

三是标准化与质量控制体系尚不完善:不同组织来源MSC‑Exos在免疫调节和神经修复能力上的差异尚未系统量化,分离纯化与定量标准不统一,影响可比性和可重复性。外泌体的异质性(包括大小、密度、货载组成)使得批次间一致性难以保证。此外,工程化Exos与复杂组合制剂(Exos+支架+物理刺激)的生产质控和监管路径尚不成熟,需要建立涵盖原材料、生产工艺、终产品检测的全流程质量管理体系[41]

未来工作可重点关注以下几个方向:一是在严格剂量学和安全评估基础上系统探索THz及其他物理刺激对MSCExos产量与货载的调控规律,建立“物理预处理‑产物‑功能”对应关系;二是将THz优化的MSCExos嵌入可注射水凝胶、导电神经导管或去细胞神经支架中,验证其在长段PNI和大动物模型中的综合疗效;三是结合多组学与单细胞技术解析MSCExos在PNI各阶段(急性炎症期、再生期、重建期)的动态作用网络,为个体化和时相特异性治疗策略提供依据。

综上,MSC及其外泌体已成为PNI生物治疗的重要候选,而预处理与工程化策略正进一步提升其治疗效能。将THz等新兴物理调控手段引入这一体系,有望在未来构建出“非接触、可编程”的MSCExos制备与应用新范式。

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北京市科协青年人才托举工程(BYESS2023011)

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