树木氮素“吸收—生长—繁殖—防御”的概念框架及健康调控启示

Conceptual framework of tree nitrogen uptake–growth–reproduction–defense and its implications in forest health regulation

摘要

氮素是制约森林初级生产力与树木生长的关键营养元素之一,树木对氮素的获取能力直接决定其在资源竞争、抗逆生存中的表现,及其在维系森林生态系统稳定性中的地位。近年来,树木氮吸收相关研究已从单一的根系吸收功能研究,转向根际—微生物协同作用及地下营养网络的综合视角。本文综述了树木获取无机氮与有机氮的主要途径,评估了根系功能性状(细根形态、比根长、根寿命)、菌根共生、根系分泌物调控在树木氮获取过程中的作用,解析了氮吸收与碳同化、生长及防御之间的耦合与权衡关系。基于现有研究证据,本文提出“氮吸收—生长—繁殖—防御”整合概念模型,据此划分4类典型策略型树种(高氮吸收—快速生长型、中等氮吸收—平衡型、低氮吸收—高防御型、微生物依赖—协同型),并探讨了基于合理氮营养调控与微生物工程的树木健康管理技术路径。最后,提出该领域的关键知识缺口与未来研究方向,包括跨尺度基因—代谢—生态耦合分析、动态同位素示踪以及多胁迫条件下的模型化预测等,旨在为深入理解氮驱动的树木生态适应策略和优化森林健康管理策略提供理论参考。

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting nutrient for forest primary productivity and tree growth. Trees' N acquisition capacity largely determines resources competition and stress resilience,as well as their role in maintaining the stability of forest ecosystem. Recent research has shifted from focusing solely on root uptake to an integrative view that recognizes rhizosphere–microbial cooperation and subterranean nutrient networks. This review synthesizes pathways for inorganic and organic N uptake,elucidates the roles of root functional traits (e.g.,fine-root morphology,specific root length,and lifespan),mycorrhizal symbiosis,and root exudate regulation in N uptake,and examines the coupling between N uptake,carbon assimilation,growth and defense. Based on current evidence,we propose an integrated conceptual framework (N uptake–growth–reproduction–defense) and classify four representative strategy types of trees (high N uptake–fast growth,moderate N uptake–balanced strategy,low N uptake–high defense,microbial dependent N uptake–synergistic and mutualistic). We further discuss implications for adaptive forest management via optimized N supply and microbial manipulation. Finally,we identify the key knowledge gaps in this field and outline future research directions,including cross–scale gene–metabolism–ecology coupling analyses,dynamic isotope tracing,and model–based predictions under multiple stress conditions. This review aims to provide theoretical references for understanding N–driven tree adaptive strategies and for forest health management.

关键词

氮吸收 / 根际互作 / 根系功能性状 / 微生物协同 / 生长—防御权衡 / 森林健康

Key words

nitrogen uptake / rhizosphere interaction / root functional trait / microbial cooperation / growth-defense trade-off / forest health

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(42401069)