林业有害生物精准施药技术及装备现状与展望

Current status and prospects of technologies and equipment for precision pesticide application in forest pest management

摘要

森林生态系统在维护区域生态安全、调节气候和保障生物多样性等方面发挥重要作用。近年来，受气候变化加剧和外来有害生物入侵等因素影响，林业有害生物发生频率和危害范围持续扩大。传统粗放施药方式存在药剂利用率低、喷雾飘移严重、环境风险高及复杂林区适应性不足等问题，已难以满足现代林业的防控需求。与农田和设施园艺场景相比，林业精准施药总体仍处于探索阶段，但在有害生物识别与诊断、变量施药决策、智能导航定位以及无人机和地面施药装备适配等方面已形成一定研究基础。本文综述了林业有害生物精准施药相关技术与装备的研究现状，重点分析识别诊断、变量施药决策和导航定位等关键技术，总结了无人机和地面施药装备的主要类型、功能特点及应用基础，并讨论了绿色防控与多源融合在林业有害生物防控中的作用。在此基础上，归纳当前林业精准施药在复杂环境适应性、多装备协同、核心部件成本控制和靶向施药精度等方面面临的主要问题，并对技术集成、装备优化、应用推广和标准化建设等发展方向进行了展望。

Abstract

Forest ecosystems play an important role in maintaining regional ecological security, regulating climate, and conserving biodiversity. In recent years, intensified climate change and the invasion of alien pests have increased the frequency and extent of forest pest outbreaks. Conventional extensive pesticide application is characterized by low pesticide-use efficiency, substantial spray drift, high environmental risks, and poor adaptability to complex forest environments, making it increasingly difficult to meet the requirements of modern forest pest management. Compared with agricultural fields and protected horticultural systems, precision pesticide application in forestry remains at an exploratory stage. Nevertheless, a certain research foundation has been established in forest pest identification and diagnosis, variable-rate pesticide application decision-making, intelligent navigation and positioning, and the adaptation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based and ground-based application equipment. This review summarizes recent advances in technologies and equipment for precision pesticide application in forest pest management, with particular emphasis on identification and diagnosis, variable-rate application decision-making, and navigation and positioning. The main types, functional characteristics, and application status of UAV-based and ground-based pesticide application equipment are reviewed, and the roles of green control technologies and multi-source information fusion in forest pest management are discussed. On this basis, major challenges in precision pesticide application in forestry are identified, including limited adaptability to complex environments, insufficient coordination among multiple types of equipment, high costs of core components, and inadequate target-oriented application accuracy. Future research and development priorities are proposed in terms of technology integration, equipment optimization, application and demonstration, and standardization.

关键词

防治 / 林业有害生物 / 精准施药 / 诊断 / 装备

Key words

pest management / forest pest / precision pesticide application / diagnosis / application equipment

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFE0208900)

国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-28)

国家自然科学基金项目(31761133019)

中国农业大学2115人才培育发展支持计划项目(2115-89052)