非动脉硬化性脑小血管病的治疗进展

温田思宇 , 崔梅

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (05) : 515 -521.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (05) : 515 -521. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003487
脑血管疾病的治疗

非动脉硬化性脑小血管病的治疗进展

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Advances in the treatment of non-arteriosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease

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摘要

脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是导致卒中和痴呆的常见原因。而除了常见的小动脉硬化性脑小血管病,非动脉硬化性脑小血管病的防治也不容忽视,目前这类疾病尚缺乏特异的治疗药物,且机制未明、异质性较强,但临床对症治疗方面已有部分证据,在深入挖掘机制的同时也探索出潜在疗法。现旨在对该领域治疗进展予以综述。

Abstract

Cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD) is a common cause of stroke and dementia. Besides the common type of arteriosclerotic CSVD,the prevention and treatment of non-arteriosclerotic arteriosclerotic CSVD should also be taken seriously. At present,there is still a lack of specific therapeutic drugs for such diseases due to unclear mechanisms and strong heterogeneity;however,some clinical evidence has been obtained for symptomatic treatment,and potential therapies are being explored alongside in-depth research on mechanisms. This article reviews the advances in treatment in this field.

关键词

脑小血管病 / 脑淀粉样血管病 / 伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病 / 卒中

Key words

cerebral small vessel disease / cerebral amyloid angiopathy / cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy / stroke

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温田思宇,崔梅. 非动脉硬化性脑小血管病的治疗进展[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2024, 49(05): 515-521 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003487

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脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是指各种病因影响脑内小动脉、微动脉、毛细血管、微静脉和小静脉所致的一系列临床、影像、病理综合征[1]。CSVD根据病因可分为:小动脉硬化性CSVD、散发或遗传性脑淀粉样血管病、其他遗传性CSVD、炎性或免疫介导性CSVD、静脉胶原化疾病和其他CSVD[2]。尽管大部分患者表现为小动脉硬化性CSVD,但随着磁共振影像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)诊断技术的进展以及对CSVD认识的提高,对除小动脉硬化性之外的少见病因CSVD研究也逐渐增多。
总体而言,CSVD的治疗相对有限,主要以控制血压、抗栓治疗等对症治疗方案为主。其他少见病因CSVD如脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)、伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)由于病理机制不同于小动脉硬化,因此不能直接照搬小动脉硬化性CSVD的治疗方案,对症治疗方案也需仔细评估缺血或出血风险等,该领域目前已涌现出大量研究。本文将对非动脉硬化性CSVD(主要是CAA和CADASIL)的治疗进展进行综述。

1 CAA的治疗

CAA是老年人常见的脑小血管疾病,其特征是淀粉样蛋白β(amyloid β,Aβ)在脑膜和皮质小血管壁内沉积[3-4]。CAA的常见临床表现为反复的脑叶出血、缺血性卒中、CAA相关炎症(cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation,CAA-RI)等[5]。目前尚无有效的治疗方法,对症治疗主要围绕降低脑出血的风险及共病如房颤的管理等,而难点在于平衡缺血与出血的风险与收益。

1.1 CAA患者危险因素管理

1.1.1 血压管理

血压管理对于降低CAA相关性脑出血的风险至关重要。PROGRESS试验发现脑叶性和深部脑出血患者血压升高与脑出血复发相关,且亚组分析显示强化降压治疗使可能的CAA相关脑出血的相对风险降低[6]。队列研究发现,收缩压及舒张压升高时脑叶出血复发风险明显增加[7]。除了长期高血压,血压变异性也被证明与脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)和脑白质高信号进展以及全因死亡率相关[8]。有指南指出合并CAA的脑叶出血者,长期血压目标为<130/80 mmHg[9]。尽管强化降压与标准降压对于预防缺血性卒中复发孰优孰劣尚无定论,降压可降低包括高血压和CAA相关的所有类型脑出血风险[10]

1.1.2 血脂管理

积极的血脂管理是缺血性卒中的预防措施,但血脂管理和脑出血的关系尚存争议。SPARCL研究以及荟萃分析表明缺血性卒中患者使用他汀类药物后脑出血发生率增加[11-13],且LDL水平<1.8 mmol/L是该风险的标志[14]。而另一项研究显示他汀类药物使用强度对脑出血无明显影响[15];队列研究分析表明,他汀类药物的使用与深部脑出血有关,但与脑叶出血无关[16]。而部分观察性研究提示他汀类药物可同时降低脑叶及非脑叶出血的风险[17-18]

考虑到他汀类药物在CSVD中的潜在益处,目前的建议是对有明确适应证的CAA患者进行他汀类药物治疗。亲水性他汀类(即瑞舒伐他汀、普伐他汀)可能比亲脂性他汀类更安全,因其透过血脑屏障的能力有限[15]。脑出血风险高的患者可考虑使用依折麦布和PCSK9抑制剂进行非他汀类降脂治疗[19-21]。CAA患者选择他汀治疗需谨慎,建议使用低剂量他汀类药物,并优先选择亲水性或在脑出血方面安全性更高的药物如依折麦布[21]。正在进行的SATURN试验将评估他汀类药物对脑叶出血幸存者的潜在益处/风险,有望为CAA的降脂治疗提供新证据。

1.2 CAA患者缺血性卒中的治疗

1.2.1 静脉溶栓

严格脑叶分布的CMBs对CAA具有良好的敏感性和特异性[22],是CAA的Boston 2.0诊断标准之一[23]。WAKE-UP研究事后分析并未发现阿替普酶对存在CMBs的急性缺血性卒中患者疗效更差或带来额外风险[24]。而荟萃分析显示,与无或<10个CMBs患者相比,>10个CMBs患者静脉溶栓(intravenous thrombolysis,IVT)后症状性脑出血风险明显升高[25],且后者行IVT与较高的死亡率相关[26]。因此欧洲卒中组织不推荐对>10个CMBs的患者行IVT[27];而美国卒中协会认为这类高CMBs负荷患者中的少部分,如80岁以上、梗死体积较大或入院至溶栓时间较长的患者行IVT可能才存在风险[28];中国指南对此暂无明确推荐意见。将CMBs作为IVT的禁忌证依然缺乏依据[25],不应因存在少至中等数量CMBs而放弃IVT[2629]。还需更多研究以确定CMBs负荷对IVT的影响或CAA患者进行IVT的疗效与风险。但为了评估CMBs而进行MRI扫描,导致IVT延迟10 min以上可能会造成净损害,因此美国卒中协会不建议IVT前进行CMBs筛查[30]

1.2.2 血管内取栓

比较有无CAA病变的急性缺血性卒中患者血管内取栓(endovascular thrombectomy,EVT)结果的研究发现:EVT对很可能或可能的CAA患者有益,尽管EVT后CAA患者长期预后较非CAA患者差,但EVT诱导的再灌注可能不会增加CAA患者短期脑出血风险[31]。对于轻至中度CMBs负荷患者,EVT增加了其获得良好预后的可能性[31]。1项研究表明CMBs的负担与EVT后症状性脑出血、再通率或功能结局无关[32]。因此不应因怀疑CAA而拒绝EVT。

1.2.3 抗血小板聚集治疗

TIA或缺血性卒中患者如合并CMBs,将同时增加缺血和出血性卒中的风险,而缺血性卒中绝对风险更高[25]。微出血国际协作网络的数据分析也表明,即使CMBs≥10个或呈严格脑叶分布,缺血性卒中的绝对风险仍超过脑出血[33]。指南指出在需要抗血小板或抗凝治疗的缺血性卒中或TIA患者中,CMBs的存在不妨碍抗血栓治疗[9]。然而目前尚缺乏证据支持。NAVIGATE-ESUS试验的探索性分析发现不明原因栓塞性卒中患者CMBs的存在似乎不影响抗血栓治疗后脑出血复发[34]。PICASSO研究发现在缺血性卒中伴CMBs患者中,西洛他唑相关脑出血的风险低于阿司匹林[35],提示西洛他唑可能是脑出血高风险患者的更佳选择。

既往倾向避免对脑出血幸存者使用抗血栓药物,而RESTART研究表明,抗血栓药物相关脑出血后重启抗血小板治疗可能是安全的[36],但RESTART只涵盖了少数可能的CAA患者。队列研究提示脑出血后重启抗血小板治疗不仅可降低缺血性卒中复发,也减少了出血性卒中事件[37-38]。另外2项研究也显示脑出血后使用抗血小板药物与脑出血复发无关[39-40]。目前大多数研究结果表明,无论脑出血前是否使用抗血小板药物,脑出血后重启抗血小板均可降低缺血性事件的发生,而不增加脑出血的复发[41-42]。因此指南指出脑叶出血伴可能的CAA患者的二级预防可考虑抗血小板治疗[9]。由CAA引起的脑出血后抗血小板能否获益还需更多证据[43],脑出血后是否以及何时重启抗血小板治疗尚无定论,RESTART-France、ASPIRING研究有望为此提供高水平证据。

1.3 CAA患者出血性卒中的治疗

荟萃分析显示,CAA相关脑出血的年发病率为7.4%,而非CAA相关脑出血的年发病率为1.1%,合并CMBs会增加脑出血的风险[44]。CAA相关脑出血患者的急性期处理与其他原因引起的自发性脑出血类似,应遵循现行脑出血指南,重点在于控制脑水肿、降低血压和纠正凝血功能障碍以及必要时外科手术治疗[45-46]

1.4 CAA患者合并房颤的治疗

CAA合并房颤(atrial fibrillation,AF)因高出血风险存在抗凝困境,迄今尚无CAA合并AF患者抗凝治疗的RCT研究。虽然与华法林相比,新型口服抗凝剂(novel oral anticoagulants,NOACs)出血风险较低[47],但该益处还未在脑出血高风险患者中验证。观察性研究显示脑出血后恢复抗凝与脑出血复发风险升高无关[48],在脑叶出血或影像学诊断的CAA患者也是如此[49]。但SoSTART试验未能证明抗凝不劣于非抗凝治疗[50]。在APACHE-AF试验中,阿哌沙班治疗组缺血性卒中发生率无改变,但复发性脑出血更多[51]。目前英国指南指出CAA合并AF的脑叶性出血患者可考虑口服抗凝治疗[9],对于出血风险相对低的患者给予NOACs,出血风险高的患者给予低剂量抗凝剂[52-53]。ASPIRE、ENRICH-AF、STATICH、NASPAF-ICH和PRESTIGE-AF试验即将提供更多证据。

尽管左心耳封堵术(left atrial appendage occlusion,LAAO)术后也需短期抗凝,但避免了长期抗凝风险。LAAO与NOACs相比疗效优劣仍存争议,但荟萃分析表明LAAO比华法林出血风险低[54]。LAAO可能更适于脑出血风险高的患者,STROKE-CLOSE和A3ICH试验将在症状性脑出血患者中进行验证。与NOACs相比,高CMBs负担的患者是否能从LAAO获益也值得探索。此外,无须术后抗凝的疗法如心外膜左心耳夹闭术也逐渐成熟[55]。对于AF伴脑出血高复发风险的CAA患者,美国AF指南指出LAAO可能是抗凝的替代方案[56]

1.5 CAA-RI的处理

针对CAA-RI有研究显示,单独高剂量糖皮质激素或联合免疫抑制剂可减轻CAA-RI的症状和影像学异常,且可改善预后[57]。目前建议使用大剂量糖皮质激素冲击疗法,如果对激素反应较差或为预防复发,可给予免疫抑制剂[58]。目前尚无研究对免疫抑制药物种类、剂量和疗程的推荐。此外,CAA是Aβ清除紊乱相关的疾病而CAA-RI是人体清除Aβ的免疫反应,因此也需确定过度的免疫抑制是否会对长期预后产生不利影响。

1.6 CAA潜在的新兴疗法

目前CAA尚无证实的疾病修饰疗法。CAA潜在新兴疗法主要围绕降低疾病不同阶段的Aβ沉积,包括增加Aβ清除、减少Aβ产生,这与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimner's disease,AD)药物研发有相同之处[59-60]。但CAA可能会增加抗Aβ治疗后发生Aβ相关影像学异常的风险[61],且在晚期的CAA患者,从受损的血管壁移除Aβ可能会增加血管出血的风险 [62]。针对CAA的1项抗Aβ单克隆抗体免疫治疗试验结果为阴性[63],短期内血管功能反而恶化[63],因此对于CAA免疫治疗有效性存疑。减少Aβ产生的反义寡核苷酸疗法对症状前遗传性CAA突变携带者可能会有效,但在AD中的试验由于认知恶化而终止[64]。其次,需评估是否可通过非侵入性感觉刺激或促进健康睡眠来增强CAA患者血管舒张以加强对Aβ的清除。最后,Aβ可能通过激活胶质细胞,导致促炎物质的产生而使大脑处于慢性炎症状态,米诺环素抗炎治疗的BATMAN试验正在进行[65]

2 遗传性CSVD的治疗

遗传性脑小血管病(hereditary cerebral small vessel disease,hCSVD)包括CADASIL、伴皮质下梗死及白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathyCARASIL)、HTRA1相关显性遗传性脑小血管病、胶原蛋白4A1/2相关脑小动脉病、视网膜血管病变伴白质脑病和系统性表现、显性遗传性脑淀粉样血管病和Fabry病等,其临床和遗传特征呈明显异质性。目前仍缺乏相关特效治疗药物,以对症治疗为主。

2.1 CADASIL的治疗

CADASIL是由NOTCH3基因突变所致的成人最常见的遗传性脑小血管病,症状多为偏头痛、反复卒中发作、认知功能障碍等,治疗主要集中在管理血管危险因素及缓解症状[66]

2.1.1 CADASIL患者危险因素管理

观察性研究表明,吸烟和高血压均与CADASIL卒中风险增加相关[67]。因此指南均建议严格控制心血管危险因素,特别是血压管理和戒烟[68]。此外,不同类别的抗高血压药物可能对CADASIL患者的微血管功能有不同影响,与阿替洛尔相比,氨氯地平和氯沙坦对CADASIL患者脑血管反应性有所改善[69]。针对血管舒张功能障碍的试验中,阿托伐他汀和作为一氧化氮合成辅助因子的沙丙蝶呤对CADASIL患者血流动力学无任何改善[70-71]

2.1.2 CADASIL患者卒中的治疗

CADASIL中是否应用抗血小板药物尚不明确[72]。欧洲指南建议CADASIL患者避免服用抗血小板药物进行卒中一级预防,但在卒中或TIA后可使用单一而非双重抗血小板药物治疗[68]。尽管尚无CADASIL患者抗血小板治疗安全性或有效性的高质量证据,但有研究表明使用低剂量阿司匹林行脑血管病二级预防的出血风险较低[73]。CMBs的存在并非卒中或TIA后抗血小板治疗的禁忌证[73]。关于CADASIL患者IVT的数据很少,病例报告表明CADASIL患者行IVT可能是安全的[74]。需更多研究评估CADASIL患者急性卒中IVT及EVT的安全性及有效性[75]。CADASIL患者抗凝治疗的适应证尚不明确,对于伴有AF或其他抗凝指征的患者,口服抗凝并非禁忌,LAAO可能是替代长期抗凝的合理选择[6873]

2.1.3 CADASIL患者偏头痛的治疗

CADASIL患者偏头痛发作时可使用常规非甾体类镇痛药[76]。乙酰唑胺对CADASIL患者偏头痛有一定疗效[77],且可改善血管反应性[78]。因CADASIL患者存在脑缺血风险,应尽量避免使用曲普坦类及麦角类血管收缩性药物,但也有研究显示曲普坦类药物治疗头痛是安全的[79]。此外,洛美利嗪可能还有预防CADASIL患者卒中发作的作用[80]

2.1.4 CADASIL患者认知障碍的治疗

胆碱能缺乏可能与血管性认知障碍密切相关,但研究显示多奈哌齐对CADASIL患者的认知评分无明显改善,仅次要终点执行功能有差异[81]

2.1.5 CADASIL潜在的新兴疗法

迄今仍无针对CADASIL发病机制的疾病修饰疗法。对CADASIL小鼠给予针对NOTCH3胞外段异常沉积的抗体显示出脑血管功能改善[82];给予CADASIL小鼠干细胞因子和粒细胞集落刺激因子可减少缺血导致的神经元丢失并改善认知功能[83-84];反义寡核苷酸介导特定NOTCH3外显子跳跃可从NOTCH3蛋白中排除突变的表皮生长因子重复序列[85],CADASIL患者偶然自发的外显子跳跃可减轻NOTCH3胞外段的沉积,也侧面验证了该疗法[86]

2.2 其他遗传性CSVD的治疗

Fabry病是GLA基因突变所致的X染色体连锁的溶酶体贮积病,全身多系统受累,累及神经系统可发生卒中[87],该病是唯一有特异性疗法的hCSVD,α-半乳糖苷酶替代疗法已使用多年,但其预防脑血管并发症的长期有效性尚未被证实[87]。CARASIL是HTRA1基因纯合或复合杂合突变引起的常染色体隐性hCSVD,目前主要是为患者提供遗传咨询及对症支持治疗,抗栓药物在其中的作用仍不清楚。研究表明坎地沙坦可减轻CARASIL小鼠细胞外基质蛋白的积累并改善血管功能,但坎地沙坦是否能延缓疾病进展仍有待探索[88]

3 炎性或免疫介导性CSVD的治疗

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(primary angiitis of the central nervous system,PACNS)是一种主要累及脑实质、脊髓和软脑膜中小血管的中枢神经系统免疫炎性疾病目前尚无统一的治疗方案,指南建议使用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂,选择何种免疫抑制剂尚无定论,少数轻症患者可考虑单用糖皮质激素[89],建议诱导治疗后未出现复发者继续维持治疗至少2年[89]。初步证据表明,糖皮质激素和环磷酰胺无效或环磷酰胺禁忌时,利妥昔单抗可诱导缓解[90]。对于合并缺血性卒中的PACNS患者,目前缺乏抗栓药物、IVT、EVT的应用证据,指南指出在无禁忌证的情况下以上疗法可能是安全的[89]。对于继发性脑血管炎,应治疗其基础疾病,中枢神经系统受累提示预后较差[91]

此外,目前对脑静脉胶原病认识尚浅,尚无有效治疗证据。对于其他CSVD,如放射后CSVD可遵循放射性脑损伤治疗原则:药物治疗包括糖皮质激素,贝伐珠单抗,以及神经节苷脂、依达拉奉等脑保护药;高压氧疗;激光间质热疗及手术[92]

4 结语

非动脉硬化性CSVD的异质性很大,需根据患者临床病理特征进行个性化评估及治疗。且非动脉硬化性CSVD的发病机制目前尚不完全清楚,因此缺少特异性疗法。期盼未来有更多高质量、针对性的随机对照研究来探寻其治疗方案以突破非动脉硬化性CSVD临床治疗困境。

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基金资助

科技创新2030重大资助项目(2021ZD0201806)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82271221)

上海市医苑新星杰出青年医师计划资助项目(20224Z0033)

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