脑白质病变与帕金森病患者临床症状的相关性研究

杜静 , 吴铁妤 , 严孙宏 , 席春华 , 汪凯

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (05) : 558 -562.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (05) : 558 -562. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003502
运动障碍性疾病的治疗

脑白质病变与帕金森病患者临床症状的相关性研究

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Association between white matter lesion and clinical symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease

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摘要

目的 探讨脑白质病变(white matter lesions,WML)对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者运动症状、认知功能和情绪的影响。 方法 纳入2018年1月至2023年12月就诊于安徽医科大学第二附属医院神经内科PD患者123例,应用年龄相关的白质改变(age‐related white matter changes,ARWMC)量表评估患者头颅MRI影像学的脑白质病变程度,根据评分结果将患者分为轻度WML组(46例),中重度WML组(77例);使用帕金森病统一评定量表第三部分、Hoehn & Yahr(H‐Y)分级量表评定运动症状及疾病严重程度,简易精神状态检查(mini‐mental state examination,MMSE)评估PD的认知功能,汉密尔顿抑郁量表,汉密尔顿焦虑量表评定情绪状态,Barthel指数评定患者日常生活功能状态。比较两组患者的运动症状、认知及情绪评分等差异,应用Logistic回归分析PD患者的WML与临床症状的关系。 结果 中重度WML组的高血压发生率(41.6% vs. 23.9%,P<0.05)高于轻度WML组。中重度WML组的H‐Y分级高于轻度WML组[2.5(1.5,3.0) vs. 2.0(1.5,2.5),P<0.05],UPDRS‐Ⅲ评分高于轻度WML组[(34.0±16.5) vs. (24.09±11.04),P<0.01]。此外,中重度WML组的MMSE评分低于轻度WML组[24.0(18.5,27.0) vs. 26.0(23.8,27.0),P<0.01],Barthel得分亦低于轻度WML组[(77.4±17.4) vs. (83.5±11.7),P<0.05],差异有统计学意义。相关分析显示,ARWMC总分与HY及UPDRS‐Ⅲ得分呈正相关,与年龄亦呈正相关。ARWMC总分与MMSE得分及Barthel评分呈负相关。Logistic回归分析显示,重度WML损害与认知障碍有相关性(回归系数β=1.072,95%CI=1.078~7.918,P=0.035)。 结论 WML与PD运动障碍、认知功能损害及生活质量下降相关。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the influence of cerebral white matter lesion(WML) on motor symptoms,cognitive function,and mood in patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). Methods A total of 123 patients with PD who visited the Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2018 to December 2023 were included. Age‐related White Matter Changes(ARWMC) scale was used to evaluate the degree of cerebral WML on cranial MRI imaging,according to the score of the scale,the patients were divided into mild WML group with 46 patients and moderate‐to‐severe WML group with 77 patients. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part Ⅲ(UPDRS‐Ⅲ) and Hoehn‐Yahr(H‐Y) Rating Scale were used to assess motor symptoms and disease severity; Mini‐Mental State Examination(MMSE) was used to assess cognitive function in PD; Hamilton Depression Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale were used to assess the emotion of PD patients; Barthel Index was used to assess the activities of daily living. The scores of motor symptoms,cognitive function,and mood in patients were compared between the two groups, and the relationship between WML and PD patients symptoms was analyzed by Logistic regression. Results The moderate‐to‐severe WML group had a significantly higher incidence rate of hypertension than the mild WML group(41.6% vs. 23.9%,P<0.05). Compared with the mild WML group,the moderate‐to‐severe WML group had significantly higher H‐Y stage[2.5(1.5,3.0) vs. 2.0(1.5,2.5),P<0.05] and UPDRS‐Ⅲ score(34.0±16.5 vs. 24.09±11.04,P<0.01). Compared with the mild WML group,the moderate‐to‐severe WML group had significantly lower MMSE score[24.0(18.5,27.0) vs. 26.0(23.8,27.0),P<0.01] and Barthel Index[(77.4±17.4) vs.(83.5±11.7),P<0.05]. The correlation analysis showed that total ARWMC score was positively correlated with H‐Y stage,UPDRS‐Ⅲ score,and age,while it was negatively correlated with MMSE score and Barthel Index. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between severe WML impairment and cognitive impairment(β=1.072,95% confidence interval:1.078~7.918,P=0.035). Conclusion WML is associated with dyskinesia,cognitive impairment,and reduction in quality of life in PD.

关键词

帕金森病 / 脑白质病变 / 运动障碍 / 认知障碍

Key words

Parkinson's disease / white matter lesion / dyskinesia / cognitive impairment

引用本文

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杜静,吴铁妤,严孙宏,席春华,汪凯. 脑白质病变与帕金森病患者临床症状的相关性研究[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2024, 49(05): 558-562 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003502

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帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是常见的神经系统退行性疾病,65岁以上老年人群患病率为1.7%。随着老龄化进程的加速,到2040年全球PD患者的人数预计将增加1倍[1]。该病表现为运动迟缓、肌强直、静止性震颤等运动症状,也可伴有认知障碍、自主神经功能障碍、情绪异常等非运动症状,严重影响患者的生活质量。近年研究发现,脑白质病变(white matter lesions,WML)同样是一种年龄相关疾病,在普通老年人群中发生率较高可达30%~55%[2]。WML是引起非PD老年人群运动障碍、步态异常、认知功能损害的重要因素[3]。部分研究显示,PD患者可同时合并脑白质病变[4],且与患者临床症状及认知功能下降有关,白质病变可能会加速PD的临床进程[5-7]。然而,也有部分研究未发现脑白质病变对临床症状的影响[8]。此外,不同区域及程度的WML对临床症状影响是否存在特异性,目前尚无一致结果。本研究分析WML与PD患者临床症状的相关性,为临床诊治提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2018年1月至2023年12月就诊于安徽医科大学第二附属医院神经内科的PD患者。纳入标准:符合《中国帕金森病的诊断标准(2016版)》的诊断标准。PD的诊断基于3个核心运动症状,必须存在运动迟缓,同时存在静止性震颤或肌强直2项症状的1项。不存在绝对排除标准,至少存在2条支持标准。没有警示征象或者警示征象低于2条且可以通过支持标准抵消。为与血管性帕金森综合征鉴别,入组患者还需要符合主观报告左旋多巴明显改善运动症状或药物测评显示>30%的多巴反应性。排除标准:①继发性帕金森综合征或帕金森叠加综合征。②严重痴呆或语言障碍不能配合完成量表测评者。③中重度脑外伤、脑积水、颅内肿瘤、严重心、脑、肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤患者。本研究经安徽医科大学第二附属医院伦理委员会审查通过(批准号:20200349)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 基本临床资料

收集PD患者的人口学资料及临床资料,包括年龄、性别、病程、饮酒史、吸烟史、既往疾病史(糖尿病、高血压)、教育年限、药物应用情况:多巴日等效剂量(Levodopa equivalent daily dose,LEDD),具体计算公式为总LEDD(mg)=左旋多巴标准片(mg)×1+左旋多巴控释片(mg)×0.75+普拉克索(mg)×100+吡贝地尔缓释(mg)×1+罗匹尼罗(mg)×20+司来吉兰(mg)×10+金刚烷胺(mg)×1+(左旋多巴标准片×1+左旋多巴控释片×0.75)×0.33(若同时服用恩他卡朋)。

1.2.2 临床症状评估

临床症状应用帕金森病运动分级量表(Hoehn‐Yahr分级,H‐Y)、统一帕金森评定量表第三部分(unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale Ⅲ,UPDRS-Ⅲ,关期时)评估运动症状、Barthel指数评定患者日常生活功能状态,简易精神状态检查(mini‐mental state examination,MMSE)评估认知功能,根据评分标准(文盲>17,小学>20,初中及以上>24为认知功能正常)确定是否存在认知障碍。应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety rating scale,HAMA)评估情绪状态。

1.2.3 脑白质病变评估

对患者的头颅MRI应用年龄相关的白质改变(age‐related white matter changes,ARWMC)量表评估白质病变程度。ARWMC分级方法:每侧大脑半球分别被划分为额叶、顶枕叶、颞叶、幕下区域(包括小脑和脑干)和基底节区(包括纹状体、苍白球、丘脑、内囊、外囊、岛叶)5个区域,每个区域单独评分,根据损害严重情况记为0~3分,白质高信号评分标准如下,0分:无病变;1分,局灶性病变;2分:病灶开始融合;3分:整个区域弥漫性受累。基底节区病变:0分,无病变;1分,1个病灶;2分,病灶>1个;3分:整个区域弥漫性损害。根据5个不同区域得分之和,总分为0~30分。根据总分评定WML程度,轻度脑白质病变组为0~2分,中重度脑白质病组为3分及以上。

1.3 统计学方法

应用SPSS 20.0软件进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布数据采用MP 25P 75)表示,采用秩和检验;计数资料以频数(百分数)表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验;脑白质病变与临床症状的相关性采用Spearman相关分析检验;logistic回归分析WML与PD患者临床症状间的关系。检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 2组患者一般资料比较

本研究共纳入PD患者123例,其中男71例,女52例。根据脑白质病变程度分为轻度WML组及中重度WML组,其中轻度WML组46例,中重度WML组77例。2组的性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、糖尿病史、体位性低血压发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中重度WML组的高血压发生率高于轻度WML组(P<0.05),见表1

2.2 2组患者的临床特征比较

中重度WML组的H‐Y分级及UPDRS Ⅲ评分均高于轻度WML组(P<0.05)。中重度WML组Barthel得分为(77.4±17.4)低于轻度WML组(83.5±11.7),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中重度WML组的MMSE评分低于轻度WML组(P<0.01)。中重度WML组认知障碍发生率为35.1%,轻度WML组认知障碍发生率为15.2%,差异有统计学意义(χ 2=5.672,P=0.017)。2组间的病程、HAMA、HAMD评分、LEDD差异无统计学意义。轻度WML组的ARWMC评分为2.0(1.0,2.0),中重度WML组的ARWMC评分为6.0(4.0,9.0),见表2

2.3 PD白质病变与临床症状的相关性分析

ARWMC评分总分与HY(rs =0.256,P=0.004),UPDRS‐Ⅲ得分(rs =0.308,P=0.001)呈正相关,与年龄呈正相关(rs =0.402,P=0.001)。ARWMC评分总分与Barthel评分呈负相关(rs =-0.228,P=0.011),与MMSE得分呈负相关(rs =-0.278,P=0.002)。控制年龄因素后,ARWMC评分总分仍然与UPDRS-Ⅲ得分呈正相关(rs =0.183,P=0.043),基底节区域评分与UPDRS‐Ⅲ得分呈正相关(rs =0.186,P=0.041)。MMSE评分与颞叶区域评分(rs =-0.292,P=0.001)呈负相关。然而,对于以上相关性分析结果,其相关系数绝对值未达到0.3的,认为相关性不强。以PD患者WML为因变量(重度=1,非重度=0),临床症状分析中有统计学差异项目为自变量,校正高血压因素,应用logistic回归对进行分析。结果显示,重度WML与认知障碍有明显相关性(回归系数β=1.072,95%CI=1.078~7.918,P=0.035)。见表3

3 讨论

1987年Hachinski首先提出了WML,其表现为液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)或t2加权磁共振图像显示的信号增强,大约30%~50%的PD患者存在WML[9]。本研究分析WML对PD患者的运动及非运动症状影响,发现PD合并中重度WML患者高血压发生率增高,WML与PD运动障碍和认知障碍相关。

1项对1 018例患者的研究表明,高血压与白质微结构损伤有明显相关性,从成年早期到中年期间血压的升高与未来WML体积的增加有关[10],而进行高血压治疗后LA进展风险降低[11],提示高血压可能是脑白质病变的危险因素。本研究还发现,PD合并中重度WML的高血压发生率高于轻度WML者。 高血压尤其是舒张期高血压,与脑血管密度降低和脑血管分支数减少明显相关,引起血供异常和血脑屏障的破坏,这些与脑白质病变有一定相关性[12-13]。因此,积极监测血压,适当干预对PD合并WML的治疗尤为重要。

认知障碍是PD最常见和致残的非运动症状之一,其中轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患病率为19%~38%,90%的患者最终发展为痴呆,严重影响患者的生活质量[14]。既往认为,PD认知功能障碍与路易小体形成、β-淀粉样斑块沉积、多巴胺能神经元损害等病理有关。然而,1项对77例PD患者的尸检结果发现,与Braak NFT分期相比,脑小血管病对PD痴呆患者的影响更大[15]。PD痴呆患者比认知正常对照组表现出更明显的脑叶微出血及脑白质病变[16],这说明血管病理在PD认知能力下降机制中也具有重要影响。本研究显示,共病WML的PD患者认知功能明显降低,重度WML与认知障碍有明显相关性。与此相似,Hou MM等[17]发现,CSVD负担≥1的PD患者语言、延迟回忆、定向等方面的MoCA认知评分明显低于无CSVD负担PD患者。1项对139例PD患者的纵向研究评估了白质病变和认知障碍的关系。发现基线白质评分大于4分与MCI风险相关,基线时存在MCI和严重的脑白质损伤负担是PD痴呆最强的预测因子[18]。PD的脑白质损害参与认知功能障碍的机制目前尚未完全明确,推测与以下原因有关。首先,脑白质完整性对维持认知功能有重要作用。其病变会影响默认网络、背侧注意力网络、额顶控制网络的功能连接和结构连接,从而导致认知功能的损害。其次,WML会阻断颞叶内侧及外囊区的胆碱能纤维,破坏源自Mynert基底核的胆碱能通路,从而影响认知执行功能[19]。此外,脑白质破坏可导致血脑屏障的异常和神经血管、类淋巴系统功能障碍[20],使β-淀粉样蛋白的清除障碍,也可导致α突触核蛋白寡聚化,加速异常蛋白的沉积,从而导致认知下降[21]。目前,对PD认知障碍的治疗方法仍较有限,定期筛查脑白质病变,及早干预可能对延迟认知功能下降有所裨益。

有研究发现白质损害的PD患者UPDRS评分及运动障碍程度较明显[22-23],与本研究一致。Jeong SH等[24]也发现WMHs加重PD的运动症状,特别是轴向症状,这种影响独立于黑质纹状体的多巴胺变性。基底节区域与运动的自我启动相关,基底节区域的扩大血管周围间隙是PD运动障碍进展的重要指标[25]。PD运动及步态控制的神经环路包括复杂的机制和相互交织的结构,其中高级皮层区域通过与皮层下结构的交互连接间接调节运动区域的输出。脑白质损害会导致皮层下和皮层区域之间的网络连接功能失调[26],影响多巴胺等神经递质的转运,引起及加重运动症状。当然,也有部分研究未发现PD白质病变与运动症状之间的相关性[27-28],矛盾的结果可能是由于评估WML的方法差异,WML的程度不同,存在一定异质性等有关。

本研究有一定的局限性,为基于单个中心的回顾性研究,样本量不大,虽然进行了认知功能的整体评价,但未评估各个认知领域。今后需要进一步对足够数量的患者进行纵向研究。综上所述,WML合并PD的运动障碍及认知功能损害更加明显。应积极控制WML的发生和进展,以利于改善PD的临床运动症状及认知障碍,提高生活质量。

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基金资助

2022年度安徽医科大学第二附属医院转化医学研究科研基金资助项目(2022ZHYJ08)

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