重视造血干细胞移植后的少见严重并发症

高铭阳 ,  高蕾

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (07) : 797 -801.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (07) : 797 -801. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003542
血液疾病

重视造血干细胞移植后的少见严重并发症

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Attention to rare and severe complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

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摘要

造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)是目前血液系统疾病治疗的重要手段。近年来,随着HSCT技术的日益成熟和完善,越来越多的患者实现了移植后的长生存,但移植本身仍然是一种高风险的治疗方法,移植后相关并发症的发生是阻碍移植后患者长期生存的一道难关。其中,移植相关血栓性微血管病(transplantation associated thrombotic microangiopathy,TA-TMA)、闭塞性细支气管炎综合征(bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome,BOS)和移植后淋巴增殖性疾病(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease,PTLD),3种并发症虽然发病率较低,但死亡率极高,一旦发生会对患者的生存及生活质量带来较大影响。因此,重视移植后少见严重并发症是提高移植患者生存率和生活质量的重要内容。

Abstract

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT) holds significant therapeutic value in the treatment of both benign and malignant hematological disorders. In recent years,as the HSCT technology has continued to advance and improve,an increasing number of patients have achieved prolonged survival post-transplantation. However,transplantation remains a high-risk treatment modality. A major challenge in the overall management of transplant recipients is the development of post-transplant complications,which represents a significant barrier to long-term patient survival. There are several rare but severe post-transplant complications that clinicians must be vigilant about,such as transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy,bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome,and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Although the incidence of these complications is relatively low,their associated mortality rates are high,and they can have a profound impact on the survival and quality of life of patients. Therefore,maintaining a keen awareness of rare and severe post-transplant complications is crucial for improving the survival rate of transplant recipients and their quality of life.

关键词

造血干细胞移植 / 移植相关血栓性微血管病 / 闭塞性细支气管炎综合征 / 移植后淋巴增殖性疾病

Key words

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy / bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome / post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease

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高铭阳,高蕾. 重视造血干细胞移植后的少见严重并发症[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2024, 49(07): 797-801 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003542

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常见的造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)后的并发症主要包括复发、感染以及移植物抗宿主病(graft versus host disease,GVHD),有效预防和治疗这些并发症对于提升移植治疗效果及患者的长期生存至关重要。但有一些相对少见的移植后相关并发症,如移植相关血栓性微血管病(transplantation associated thrombotic microangiopathy,TA-TMA)、闭塞性细支气管炎综合征(bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome,BOS)、移植后淋巴增殖性疾病(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease,PTLD)等,这几种并发症在目前的诊断和治疗中仍然存在许多困难,严重影响患者的生存及生活质量。如何更好地认识和发现移植后少见严重并发症,并给予有效的治疗措施,成为目前亟待关注和解决的问题。

1 TA-TMA

TA-TMA是造血干细胞移植术后的一种严重并发症,通常发生在移植后20~100 d。TA-TMA在异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)后的发生率为0.5%~76%,自体移植后TA-TMA的发生率略低,为0%~27%[1-2],国内报道其在allo-HSCT后的发生率为2.3%~4%[3-5]。现有文献报道TA-TMA发生率数据存在较大差异,很可能与不同移植中心诊断标准存在差异有关。

TA-TMA的主要临床表现包括微血管性溶血性贫血、血小板减少、发热、肾功能损害,一些患者可伴有神经系统改变和多器官功能障碍[6]。TA-TMA的死亡率约50%,高危患者的死亡率可高达80%[17-8]。目前TA-TMA的诊断标准众多,根据《造血干细胞移植相关血栓性微血管病诊断和治疗中国专家共识(2021年版)》[9],我国目前推荐使用Jodele S等[8]和中华医学会血液学分会造血干细胞应用学组[10]提出的TA-TMA诊断标准,该标准是目前全世界范围内应用最广泛的TA-TMA诊断标准,其综合考虑了临床表现、实验室标志物和病理学特点等,实用性和准确性强。最近,欧洲血液和骨髓移植学会、美国移植和细胞治疗学会、亚太血液和骨髓移植小组以及国际血液和骨髓移植研究中心联合发布报告,在修改后的Jodele标准基础上,就TA-TMA的诊断和预后特征达成了共识[11]:一是TA-TMA可以直接通过临床和实验室标准进行诊断,不需要活检。二是使用修改后的Jodele标准提出共识诊断标准,并增加贫血和血小板减少症的定义。当以下7个特征中≥4个特征在14 d内出现2次时,即可诊断为TA-TMA:①贫血,定义为尽管植入了中性粒细胞,但仍无法实现输血独立性;血红蛋白下降≥1 g/dL或新发输血依赖;②血小板减少症,定义为未能实现血小板植入、输血需求高于预期、血小板无效输注或血小板完全植入后基线血小板计数减少≥50%;③乳酸脱氢酶超过正常上限;④存在破裂红细胞;⑤高血压;⑥可溶性C5b-9超过正常上限;⑦蛋白尿(随机尿蛋白/肌酐比值≥1 mg/mg)。三是具有以下任何特征的患者非复发死亡风险增加,应分层为高危TA-TMA:C5b-9升高、乳酸脱氢酶升高≥正常上限的2倍、随机尿蛋白/肌酐比值≥1、多器官功能障碍、并发Ⅱ~Ⅳ级急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft versus host disease,aGVHD)或感染(细菌或病毒)。四是所有allo-HSCT和儿童自体HSCT患者应在移植后的前100 d内每周筛查TA-TMA。

TA-TMA的治疗首先需要及时减停钙调抑制剂(例如环孢素、他克莫司)和mTOR受体抑制剂(例如西罗莫司),同时控制感染、高血压、GVHD等可能会诱发TA-TMA的合并症,若上述治疗效果不佳,则可以使用血浆置换、依库珠单抗、利妥昔单抗、去纤苷等二线治疗手段[612-15]。近些年,国外相关临床研究报道了各种补体定向疗法在TA-TMA中的应用,包括甘露聚糖结合凝集素相关丝氨酸蛋白酶-2抑制剂和第二代抗C5定向疗法[15-18]。尽管TA-TMA的治疗近些年取得了一些进展,但由于其临床表现及诊断的特异性还不是很高,患者是否发生TA-TMA难以判断,导致诊断及治疗延迟,发生TA-TMA的患者总体预后较差。因此,找到 TA-TMA发生的高危风险因素,总结出早期诊断TA-TMA更合理的方法,早期干预并减轻TA-TMA的严重程度,是未来努力的方向。

2 BOS

BOS是一种以HSCT后新发的持续性气流受限为特征的临床综合征。其病理表现主要为细支气管损伤后引发上皮炎症反应及修复过程中气道肉芽组织出现过度增生,这一病理变化进而导致了小气道的狭窄甚至完全闭塞,从而对患者的呼吸功能产生严重影响[19- 20]。但在实际临床工作中,BOS可仅通过肺功能改变和影像学特征建立临床诊断,无需BOS的病理学诊断。BOS大多于移植后100 d至2年出现[21-22],通常起病隐匿,早期患者可无任何症状表现,但出现明显症状时肺部已受损严重,最终可发生呼吸功能衰竭甚至死亡[23-24]

BOS在移植后的发生率为3%~6.5%[2225-26],在合并慢性移植物抗宿主病(chronic graft versus host disease,cGVHD)的情况下,BOS的发生率可升高至7%~10%,因此有专家认为BOS可视为cGVHD在肺部的具体表现[27-28]。BOS的临床症状通常在中重度患者中才会出现,主要表现为慢性干咳、劳力性呼吸困难、运动耐量下降等。其诊断主要依靠肺功能检查、肺部高分辨CT以及病理活检。依据《造血干细胞移植后闭塞性细支气管炎综合征诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2022年版)》[26],满足以下4个标准即可诊断BOS:一是FEV1/FVC小于0.7;二是FEV1应低于预测值的75%,在吸入β2受体激动剂后,FEV1增加应少于200 mL,且改善率低于12%;三是需根据肺部CT、细菌或真菌培养等检查,排除各类呼吸道感染的可能性;四是需符合以下3条中的至少1条:①肺部CT有典型BOS改变(空气潴留征、小气道壁增厚或扩张);②有空气滞留的证据,RV大于120%预测值;③存在其他部位的cGVHD。由于BOS患者常常合并肺部感染,若临床上发现移植后患者反复发生肺部感染,应考虑合并BOS诊断的可能。因此,在BOS的临床诊断中,排除其他病因非常重要,如感染、隐源性机化性肺炎、晚期放疗毒性、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等。

糖皮质激素联合钙调磷酸酶抑制剂是目前cGVHD治疗的首选方案,但对于BOS的治疗反应较差,有效率仅为20%~40%[2629-30]。原因可能是BOS在早期阶段往往没有明显的呼吸道症状,影像学也很难发现,极易漏诊,而当发现并进行治疗时,损伤往往已经发展到了不可逆的程度。因此,在小气道纤维化重构之前,即疾病早期,是BOS治疗的最佳阶段。有研究表明,FAM方案(即氟替卡松、阿奇霉素和孟鲁司特的3药联合应用)联合糖皮质激素治疗BOS,可显著改善患者预后,2年OS约为76%,5年OS为40%~60%,比先前报道的2年OS为40%和5年OS为20%明显提升[1931-33]。此外,JAK2抑制剂芦可替尼和抗纤维化药物吡非尼酮等靶向炎症和纤维化的新药[34- 35]、体外光分离疗法和间充质干细胞在BOS的治疗中也已显示出一定的治疗潜力[36]。选择性ROCK2抑制剂在cGVHD患者的BOS治疗中有近30%的缓解率,并且有逆转纤维化的作用,也为BOS的挽救治疗提供了一种潜在的新选择[37-39]。糖皮质激素的长期应用易导致BOS患者反复发生机会性感染,而反复的感染又是导致患者死亡的主要原因,如何平衡糖皮质激素应用与感染之间的关系是目前BOS治疗的矛盾点。另外,BOS与肺部感染的鉴别也是目前的难点,BOS常会与肺部感染同时存在,极易漏诊和误诊。在实际临床工作中,若患者处于肺部感染状态,首先应积极控制感染,再进一步明确BOS诊断。若感染反复难愈,BOS诊断困难,可在有条件的中心谨慎行活检以明确诊断[26]。对于BOS的预防,除了戒烟和积极预防感染外,移植后患者还应定期接受肺功能常规检查,对于存在cGVHD或其他危险因素的个体,更应增加肺功能监测的频率。未来,寻找BOS特异性标志物,早期诊断、及时治疗是提高其治疗效果的关键问题。

3 PTLD

PTLD是移植后患者因免疫抑制状态引发EB病毒(epstein-barr virus,EBV)感染或再激活所诱发的严重并发症。移植后患者的免疫系统受到抑制,导致EBV特异性T细胞数量减少或功能受损,在此免疫监控减弱的环境下,EBV易引发淋巴细胞异常增殖,进而诱发PTLD[40-42]。值得注意的是,EBV主要侵袭B细胞,但亦有部分情况感染T细胞或NK细胞,从而引发T/NK细胞亚型的病变。国内外研究数据显示allo-HSCT后PTLD发生率为0.8%~11.9%[43-46],移植后1~5个月为PTLD的发病高峰期,中位发生时间为移植后55~63 d[47-48]。PTLD主要表现为发热和淋巴结肿大,依据《造血干细胞移植后EB病毒相关淋巴增殖性疾病中国专家共识(2022年版)》[49],符合以下条件可诊断为“确诊的PTLD”:一是临床表现需具备发热、淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大或其他结外器官受累等症状;二是在组织活检病理中,需满足以下①、②中的任意一条和③:①原有组织结构被增生的淋巴组织所破坏;②利用细胞学或病毒标志物检测发现单克隆或寡克隆细胞群;③在组织样本中通过DNA、RNA或蛋白检测证实EBV感染的存在(需注意,仅血液中DNA阳性并不能作为PTLD的诊断依据)。由于PTLD早期症状不典型且进展迅速,当患者出现DNA血症并伴有明显的淋巴结或肝脾肿大或其他结外器官受累表现,且在排除其他潜在原因后,可考虑为“临床诊断的PTLD”。

EBV主要感染B细胞,利妥昔单抗因此成为PTLD的一线治疗选择。研究表明,在免疫抑制剂减量的基础上使用利妥昔单抗,缓解率可达84%[4050-53]。但利妥昔单抗在预防PTLD的发生上来说意义还不明确,其仅能降低EBV-DNA血症的发生率,不能降低PTLD的发生率[54]。此外,EBV特异性细胞毒T细胞(EBV-CTL)在PTLD的治疗中显示出了良好的效果和应用前景,供者来源EBV-CTL的完全缓解率可达50.0%~84.6%[55-57],供者淋巴细胞输注、化疗、手术切除和局部放疗也可用于一线治疗效果不佳的PTLD患者。PTLD是allo-HSCT后最严重的并发症之一,可爆发性进展,如不能得到及时诊治,死亡率可高达60%~80%[58- 59]。因此对于移植后出现发热且伴有淋巴结肿大的患者,需要尽快做淋巴结活检明确是否有PTLD的诊断。对于有明确危险因素的患者,如HLA配型不合、应用ATG、原发病为重型再生障碍性贫血、二次移植、发生急慢性GVHD、巨细胞病毒阳性[60-62],则需早期监测EB病毒含量,发现EB病毒含量超过阈值及时行抗病毒治疗,警惕PTLD的发生。

4 展望

移植后的少见严重并发症虽然发病率低,但临床进展迅速,死亡率高,部分病例从疑诊到死亡仅数天。这些并发症的诊断、鉴别及治疗存在许多困难,对临床医生提出了更高的要求。因此,在临床实践过程中,需不断加深对这些少见并发症的认识,注意识别高危因素,警惕此类并发症的发生,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗。随着未来对发病机制的不断探索,可尝试通过寻找特异性指标、研制特异性药物,并探索适当的策略来监测危险因素,早期发现此类并发症并给予干预,不断优化诊疗流程,以期最终改善患者的总体预后。

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基金资助

重庆市科卫联合医学科研项目面上资助项目(2023ZDXM022)

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