体外循环手术术中获得性压力性损伤发生的危险因素

韩通 ,  郭娜 ,  陈旭

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11) : 1419 -1423.

PDF (567KB)
重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11) : 1419 -1423. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003629
临床研究

体外循环手术术中获得性压力性损伤发生的危险因素

作者信息 +

Risk factors for intraoperative acquired pressure injury during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (579K)

摘要

目的 分析和探讨体外循环手术中患者术中获得性压力性损伤(intraoperative acquired pressure injury,IAPI)发生的危险因素,为预防IAPI提供临床依据。 方法 采用病例对照研究,回顾性收集2020年1月至2021年12月于北京协和医院进行体外循环手术中发生IAPI的16例患者作为病例组,从进行体外循环手术的526例患者中随机抽取64例(1:4)作为对照组。比较2组的一般资料、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、吸烟、合并症、术前化验结果、术前Braden压力性损伤评分、术中情况等,采用logistic回归分析体外循环手术中患者发生压力性损伤的危险因素。 结果 526例行体外循环手术的患者中共16例(3.04%)发生IAPI。单因素分析显示,患者BMI、糖尿病、白蛋白、术前Braden压力性损伤评分、手术时间、转机体温在2组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归和ROC曲线分析显示,糖尿病(OR=0.038,95%CI=0.002~0.575,P=0.018)、BMI(OR=0.041,95%CI=0.004~0.459,P=0.011)、术前Braden压力性损伤评分(OR=0.302,95%CI=0.139~0.656,P=0.003)是造成体外循环手术IAPI发生的危险因素。 结论 BMI<18.5或>23.9 kg/m2、合并糖尿病、术前Braden压力性损伤评分偏低为体外循环手术IAPI的高危因素。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the risk factors for intraoperative acquired pressure injury(IAPI) in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery,and to provide clinical evidence for the prevention of IAPI. Methods A case-control study was conducted. A total of 16 patients who experienced IAPI during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled as case group,and 64 patients(1∶4) were randomly selected from 526 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and were enrolled as control group. The two groups were compared in terms of general information,body mass index(BMI),smoking,comorbidities,preoperative laboratory results,preoperative Braden score for pressure injury,and intraoperative condition,and a logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for IAPI in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Results Among the 526 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery,16(3.04%) experienced IAPI. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in BMI,diabetes mellitus,albumin,preoperative Braden score for pressure injury,time of operation,and bypass temperature(P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis and the ROC curve analysis showed that diabetes mellitus[odds ratio(OR)=0.038,95%CI=0.002-0.575,P=0.018],BMI(OR=0.041,95%CI=0.004-0.459,P=0.011),and preoperative Braden score for pressure injury(OR=0.302,95%CI=0.139-0.656,P=0.003) were significant risk factors for IAPI during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Conclusion BMI<18.5 kg/m2 or >23.9 kg/m2,comorbidity with diabetes mellitus,and a relatively low preoperative Braden score for pressure injury are high-risk factors for IAPI during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

Graphical abstract

关键词

心脏体外循环手术 / 手术室 / 压力性损伤 / 危险因素

Key words

cardiopulmonary bypass / operating room / pressure injury / risk factors

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
韩通,郭娜,陈旭. 体外循环手术术中获得性压力性损伤发生的危险因素[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2024, 49(11): 1419-1423 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003629

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

术中获得性压力性损伤(intraoperative acquired pressure injury,IAPI)是指患者在接受手术过程中发生的受压部位皮肤及皮下组织压力性损伤,与手术体位相关,通常位于骨突处或者涉及医疗器械/设备接触的界面处[1]。手术患者因长时间处于静止状态下,从而导致组织缺血和血液灌注再分布从而发生压力性损伤的概率升高,从而会使正常皮肤以及深部组织出现损伤[2-4]。患者发生IAPI会造成术后恢复延迟、延长住院时间并增加相关费用[4-5]。体外循环手术患者术中需要经过降温、心脏停搏、复温、心脏自动复跳或除颤复跳等过程,该类手术创伤大、手术时间长、中老年患者占比较大[6]。因此,体外循环手术是IAPI发生的高危手术类型[6]。目前的研究大多聚焦于住院患者压力性损伤发生的危险因素[7-8],而体外循环手术IAPI发生的危险因素则被忽视。本研究采用病例对照研究的方法,分析体外循环手术中患者发生IAPI的危险因素,旨在为临床制定个性化的预防策略提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本研究采取病例对照研究,回顾性选取2020年1月至2021年12月在北京协和医院进行心脏体外循环手术的患者,将发生IAPI的16例患者纳入病例组(A组)。对照组选取未发生IAPI的患者(B组)。A组与B组按照1:4的比例进行配对。 纳入标准:①年龄≥18岁;②进行心脏体外循环的手术患者;③按照2019版《压疮/压力性损伤的预防和治疗:临床实践指南》诊断为IAPI的患者[9-10]。排除标准:①入室前发生的压力性损伤;②术后24 h内死亡或转院患者;③急诊或心脏恶性肿瘤患者;④重要资料缺失。

1.2 研究方法

2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准,通过压力性损伤上报系统获取体外循环手术中发生IAPI的患者相关信息。按照1:4配对,从未发生IAPI的510例患者中随机抽取64例作为对照组。所有的数据及患者信息由研究者于医院信息系统及压力性损伤上报系统获取。资料的收集由2名研究者完成、核对后录入,以确保数据准确性。本研究中的因变量为心脏手术患者发生压力性损伤,自变量的选择通过检索文献[69-11]并咨询本专业专家后,讨论后确定。共15项因素纳入研究,分别是:性别、年龄、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级、吸烟、合并症情况、术前化验检查结果、Braden压力性损伤评分、手术类型、麻醉时间、手术时间、体外循环时间、出血量、输液量以及体温。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行分析。正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,非正态分布计量资料以中位数(四分位间距)[MdP25P75)]表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以频数、百分率描述,采用卡方检验比较组间差异。采用logistic回归方程构建体外循环手术IAPI发生风险预测模型,并使用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验判定预测工具的拟合优度。使用ROC曲线分析预测模型的约登指数,评估模型的准确度。将单因素分析中有统计学差异的变量作为自变量,纳入多元logistic回归分析。检验水准α=0.05。

2 结 果

2.1 研究对象的一般资料

2020年1月至2021年12月在北京协和医院接受体外循环手术的526例患者中,共16例发生IAPI,发生率为3.04 %。其中,Ⅰ期压力性损伤共6例、Ⅱ期压力性损伤共10例,通过干预后均治愈。A组共16例患者,其中男性9例(56.30%),年龄(54.80±4.70)岁,BMI(23.50±4.10) kg/m2;B组共64例患者,其中男性38例(59.40%),年龄(57.40±14.70)岁,BMI(22.90±5.50) kg/m2。2组一般资料比较见表1

2.2 体外循环手术IAPI发生的单因素分析

按照IAPI发生情况对A组与B组进行单因素分析,结果显示:BMI、糖尿病、白蛋白、术前Braden压力性损伤评分、手术时间、转机体温在2组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而年龄、性别、手术类型等因素在两组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1

2.3 体外循环手术IAPI发生的多因素分析

以逐步回归法建立logistic回归模型,结果见表2。其中,BMI、糖尿病、术前Braden压力性损伤评分被纳入回归模型。由此可见患者BMI<18.5或>23.9 kg/m2、合并糖尿病对术后压力性损伤起着至关重要的作用,术前Braden压力性损伤评分也被验证为评估患者压力性损伤风险的重要工具。最终得到的回归方程如下:Logit P=-1.906×BMI-1.180×术前Braden压力性损伤评分+2.615×糖尿病。

Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示,预测值与观察值之间的差异无统计学意义(χ2 =7.982,P=0.401)。根据logistic多因素回归模型得出ROC曲线,以约登指数最大时所对应的分数为模型的最佳临界值。如图1所示,曲线下的面积为0.880,95%CI=0.803~0.958,最佳临界值为0.056,此时约登指数最大,为0.687。

3 讨 论

IAPI是围术期护理的常见并发症之一[12]。本研究结果显示体外循环手术患者IAPI的发生率约为3.04%,符合既往研究中不同人群的IAPI的发生率约为1.3%~45%[13-14]。体外循环手术患者IAPI的发生会增加观察、换药、翻身等治疗护理措施频率,会引起血流动力学改变从而延长患者住院时间并增加护理工作量[15-17]。既往关于IAPI的研究多为常规手术类型或特殊体位的研究[3,18],并不能对体外循环手术患者提出针对性预防措施。对体外循环手术患者的IAPI风险预测,可以从术后被动地进行IAPI治疗或护理转变为对危险因素实施针对性的干预策略,从而降低IAPI的发生率,合理地利用医疗资源,减轻护理工作者的工作负荷。

在多因素logistic回归中,术前Braden压力性损伤评分、糖尿病、BMI为体外循环手术IAPI发生的影响因素。既往的研究已经证实入院后的Braden压力性损伤评分可以评估住院患者压力性损伤发生的风险[19-20],而本研究发现术前根据Braden压力性损伤评分量表同样可以评估体外循环手术IAPI的风险性。Braden压力性损伤评分标准是判断压力性损伤发生危险性的常用评估工具之一,其涵盖对感知能力、潮湿程度、活动能力、移动能力、营养摄取能力、摩擦力和剪切力等的评价[21]。而刘晓黎等[22]的研究指出,不应单独使Braden压力性损伤评分标准预测手术患者发生压力性损伤的风险,所以术前对患者状态的综合评估能够有效地对IAPI的发生进行预测,因此建议手术室护士与病房护士能够在皮肤评估方面进行有效交接,从而减少IAPI发生,同时能够降低因压力性损伤护理而导致的护士劳动负荷[23]

本研究结果显示BMI<18.5或>23.9 kg/m2与体外循环手术发生IAPI相关,这与Kayser SA等[24]的研究结果一致。众所周知,超重(>23.9 kg/m2)会使患者增加受到压力、剪切力和摩擦力的影响,这是造成浅表性压力性损伤的主要原因之一[25]。而消瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)可能与营养不良或营养摄取障碍相关,会造成皮肤干燥、菲薄、脆弱等,这些因素会导致患者受到外力摩擦后从而造成皮肤损伤[25]。对于接受手术的患者,压力性损伤的发生率主要由手术过程中对组织的剪切力的时间和强度决定[26],而体外循环手术时间长、创伤大,会造成压力、摩擦力、剪切力的时间增加,加之患者麻醉下的制动状态,更容易造成发生压力性损伤。围手术期应包含门诊护士对患者进行宣教,建议患者将BMI控制在正常范围,从而降低围术期发生压力性损伤的风险[27]。同时,建议手术团队可预防性应用敷料或采用适合的衬垫以降低患者压力[28];此外,术中可在头面部、肢体等受压部位,定时实施手术体位微调整,如抬高或变换受压部位或调节手术床角度,从而降低压力、剪切力以及摩擦力,促进血液循环以减少IAPI的发生[1]

已有研究证明糖尿病患者在体外循环手术中IAPI的发生风险是普通患者的2.02倍[29],本研究结果与之也是一致的。既往研究指出压力性损伤的形成和严重程度可能是由外部压力造成的毛细血管闭塞,导致血液供应不足、细胞凋亡,从而致使形成皮肤损伤,而糖尿病会造成微循环功能障碍,从而增加皮肤损伤的机会[2630]。提示患者合并糖尿病可以作为体外循环手术IAPI发生的预测因素[31]。这可能与体外循环手术会重新分布血流分布,加重微循环功能障碍有关。所以当糖尿病患者进行体外循环手术时,围手术期团队应增加预防压力性损伤的干预策略,如术前恢复皮肤健康状态、调控正常体温、局部按摩、预防性敷料应用等[32]

本研究存在以下局限性:①样本量较小,样本数据可能存在偏倚;②可能未包含全部影响体外循环手术IAPI的全部变量,存在未能发现的影响因素。

参考文献

[1]

高兴莲,郭 莉,何丽,. 术中获得性压力性损伤预防专家共识[J]. 护理学杂志202338(1):44-47.

[2]

Gao XLGuo LHe Let al. Expert consensus on prevention of intraoperatively acquired pressure injury[J]. J Nurs Sci202338(1):44-47.

[3]

Yoshimura MOhura NSantamaria Net al. High body mass index is a strong predictor of intraoperative acquired pressure injury in spinal surgery patients when prophylactic film dressings are applied:a retrospective analysis prior to the BOSS Trial[J]. Int Wound J202017(3):660-669.

[4]

Luo MLong XHWu JLet al. Incidence and risk factors of pressure injuries in surgical spinal patients:a retrospective study[J]. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs201946(5):397-400.

[5]

Rao ADPreston AMStrauss Ret al. Risk factors associated with pressure ulcer formation in critically ill cardiac surgery patients:a systematic review[J]. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs201643(3):242-247.

[6]

Miller MWEmeny RTSnide JAet al. Patient-specific factors associated with pressure injuries revealed by electronic health record analyses[J]. Health Informatics J202026(1):474-485.

[7]

刘 静,赵体玉,余云红. 体外循环手术患者术中压疮发生相关因素的研究进展[J]. 中国临床护理202012(2):175-178.

[8]

Liu JZhao TYYu YH. Research progress of related factors of pressure sore in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass[J]. Chin Clin Nurs202012(2):175-178.

[9]

Wu YJiang ZQHuang SZet al. Identification of risk factors for intraoperative acquired pressure injury in patients undergoing neurosurgery:a retrospective single-center study[J]. Med Sci Monit202127:e932340.

[10]

Gonz MILima-Serrano MMart Cet al. Incidence and risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit[J]. J Clin Nurs201827(5/6):1028-1037.

[11]

Kottner JCuddigan JCarville Ket al. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers/injuries:the protocol for the second update of the international Clinical Practice Guideline 2019[J]. J Tissue Viability201928(2):51-58.

[12]

杨龙飞,宋 冰,倪翠萍,. 2019版 《压力性损伤的预防和治疗:临床实践指南》更新解读[J]. 中国护理管理202020(12):1849-1854.

[13]

Yang LFSong BNi CPet al. Interpretation of the update of prevention and treatment of pressure Ulcer/Injuries:clinical practice guideline(2019 Edition)[J]. Chin Nurs Manag202020(12):1849-1854.

[14]

Kottner JCuddigan JCarville Ket al. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers/injuries:the protocol for the second update of the international clinical practice guideline 2019[J]. J Tissue Viability201928(2):51-58.

[15]

Spruce L. Back to basics:preventing perioperative pressure injuries[J]. AORN J2017105(1):92-99.

[16]

Riemenschneider KJ. Prevention of pressure injuries in the operating room:a quality improvement project[J]. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs201845(2):141-145.

[17]

Webster JLister CCorry Jet al. Incidence and risk factors for surgically acquired pressure ulcers:a prospective cohort study investigators[J]. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs201542(2):138-144.

[18]

张玉红,蒋琪霞,郭艳侠,. 使用减压床垫的压疮危险者翻身频次的meta分析[J]. 中华护理杂志201550(9):1029-1036.

[19]

Zhang YHJiang QXGuo YXet al. A meta-analysis of repositioning frequency for preventing pressure ulcers among patients lying in pressurerelief mattress[J]. Chin J Nurs201550(9):1029-1036.

[20]

管 艳,卢 山,叶家欣,. 心脏术后压力性损伤规范化实践方案的构建与应用[J]. 护理学报202128(7):15-20.

[21]

Guan YLu SYe JXet al. Construction and application of standardized practice scheme for pressure injury after cardiac surgery[J]. J Nurs China202128(7):15-20.

[22]

Strazzieri-Pulido KCGonzález CV SNogueira PCet al. Pressure injuries in critical patients:incidence,patient-associated factors,and nursing workload[J]. J Nurs Manag201927(2):301-310.

[23]

Simões JLSa-Couto PVoegeli D. Factors predicting pressure injury incidence in older adults following elective total hip arthroplasty:a longitudinal study[J]. Adv Skin Wound Care202235(1):48-55.

[24]

Chen HLCao YJWang Jet al. A retrospective analysis of pressure ulcer incidence and modified braden scale score risk classifications[J]. Ostomy Wound Manage201561(9):26-30.

[25]

Chung MLWiddel MKirchhoff Jet al. Risk factors for pressure ulcers in adult patients:a meta-analysis on sociodemographic factors and the Braden scale[J]. J Clin Nurs202332(9/10):1979-1992.

[26]

Huang CMa YXWang CXet al. Predictive validity of the braden scale for pressure injury risk assessment in adults:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Nurs Open20218(5):2194-2207.

[27]

刘晓黎,王 泠,魏彦姝,. 预防成人术中获得性压力性损伤的最佳证据总结[J]. 中华护理杂志202055(10):1564-1570.

[28]

Liu XLWang LWei YSet al. Evidence summary of prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injury in adult patients[J]. Chin J Nurs202055(10):1564-1570.

[29]

Speth J. Guidelines in practice:prevention of perioperative pressure injury[J]. AORN J2023118(1):37-44.

[30]

Kayser SAVanGilder CALachenbruch C. Predictors of superficial and severe hospital-acquired pressure injuries:a cross-sectional study using the International Pressure Ulcer Prevalencesurvey[J]. Int J Nurs Stud201989:46-52.

[31]

Alipoor EMehrdadi PYaseri Met al. Association of overweight and obesity with the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Clin Nutr202140(9):5089-5098.

[32]

Liang MNChen QNZhang Yet al. Impact of diabetes on the risk of bedsore in patients undergoing surgery:an updated quantitative analysis of cohort studies[J]. Oncotarget20178(9):14516-14524.

[33]

Setoguchi YGhaibeh AAMitani Ket al. Predictability of pressure ulcers based on operation duration,transfer activity,and body mass index through the use of an alternating decision tree[J]. J Med Invest201663(3/4):248-255.

[34]

Moore ZEWebster J. Dressings and topical agents for preventing pressure ulcers[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev201812(12):CD009362.

[35]

Liu PHe WChen HL. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for surgery-related pressure ulcers:a meta-analysis[J]. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs201239(5):495-499.

[36]

刘明明,李炳蔚,王 冰,. 微循环功能障碍与糖尿病研究进展[J]. 中华内分泌代谢杂志201531(5):471-473.

[37]

Liu MMLi BWWang Bet al. Microcirculation dysfunction and diabetes mellitus[J]. Chin J Endocrinol Metab201531(5):471-473.

[38]

Kang ZQZhai XJ. The association between pre-existing diabetes mellitus and pressure ulcers in patients following surgery:a meta-analysis[J]. Sci Rep20155:13007.

[39]

Weng PWChang WP. Extrinsic factors of pressure injuries in patients during surgery:a frequency matched retrospective study[J]. Int Wound J202320(6):1934-1942.

基金资助

中央高水平医院临床科研资助项目(2022-PUMCH-B-031)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (567KB)

245

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/