外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与儿童哮喘气道炎症、症状控制水平的相关性及意义

熊蕾蕾 ,  张向峰 ,  张志英 ,  罗青林 ,  周雪 ,  靳秀红

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (03) : 419 -425.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (03) : 419 -425. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003885
临床研究

外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与儿童哮喘气道炎症、症状控制水平的相关性及意义

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Correlation and significance of interleukin-33 and interferon gamma in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with airway inflammation and symptom control in children with asthma

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摘要

目的 分析外周血单个核细胞白细胞介素-33(interleukin-33,IL-33)、干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)与儿童哮喘气道炎症、症状控制水平的相关性及意义。 方法 选取2022年11月至2024年12月郑州大学附属儿童医院/河南省儿童医院郑州儿童医院收治的105例哮喘患儿作为哮喘组,选取同期健康体检儿童105例作为对照组。将哮喘组患儿根据症状控制水平分为控制组、未控制组。统计2组外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ、气道炎症[嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(eosinophil percentage,EOS%)、呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)、免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin e,IgE)],分析外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与气道炎症、症状控制水平的相关性,并分析外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ对哮喘症状控制水平的效应,受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析外周血单个核细胞IL-33联合IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的作用的影响及预测价值。 结果 哮喘组IL-33、EOS%、FeNO、IgE[(36.19±4.20) ng/L、(18.65±0.91)%、(45.90±2.63) ppb、(275.68±20.39) IU/mL]高于对照组[(7.55±2.43) ng/L、(0.89±0.28)%、(5.77±1.94) ppb、(54.92±17.45) IU/mL],IFN-γ(52.72±16.18) ng/L低于对照组(90.15±20.77) ng/L(t=25.607、30.758、32.181、35.986、9.770,均P<0.05);Pearson相关性分析显示,IL-33与EOS%、FeNO、IgE呈正相关(r=0.720、0.749、0.722,均P<0.05),IFN-γ与EOS%、FeNO、IgE呈负相关(r=-0.739、-0.703、-0.767,均P<0.05);未控制组IL-33(48.93±15.87) ng/L高于控制组(20.47±6.56) ng/L,IFN-γ(41.66±12.40) ng/L低于控制组(66.37±18.25) ng/L(t=11.515、8.234,均P<0.05);IL-33(OR=1.398,95%CI=1.166~1.675)、IFN-γ(OR=0.421,95%CI=0.243~0.728)是症状控制水平的独立相关影响因素(P<0.05);IL-33、IFN-γ与哮喘症状控制水平呈线性关系,其中IL-33为负向线性关系,IFN-γ呈正向线性关系;ROC分析显示,IL-33、IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的AUC分别为0.745(95%CI=0.651~0.825)、0.766(95%CI=0.673~0.843);以R00为参照,R01、R10、R11亚组患儿哮喘控制不良的风险值OR(95%CI)分别为1.293(95%CI=1.056~1.582)、1.406(95%CI=1.133~1.744)、7.472(95%CI=5.062~11.029)(P<0.05);IL-33高表达+IFN-γ低表达对哮喘控制水平具有正相加交互作用,二者交互作用所占的比例为77.26%;IL-33联合IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的AUC为0.883(95%CI=0.806~0.938),敏感度为82.98%,特异度为81.03%(P<0.001),大于IL-33、IFN-γ(Z=2.409、2.030,P=0.016、0.042)。 结论 外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ水平与哮喘气道炎症反应、症状控制水平密切相关,为临床早期预测症状控制水平、针对性制定相应干预方案提供参考依据。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the correlation and significance of interleukin-33(IL-33) and interferon gamma(IFN-γ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with airway inflammation and symptom control in children with asthma. Methods A total of 105 children with asthma who were admitted to Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University/Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital of Henan Children’s Hospital from November 2022 to December 2024 were enrolled as asthma group,and 105 children who underwent physical examination during the same period of time were enrolled as control group. According to the level of symptom control,the asthma group was further divided into controlled group and uncontrolled group. The two groups were analyzed in terms of the levels of IL-33 and IFN-γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and airway inflammation(eosinophil percentage[EOS%],fractional exhaled nitric oxide[FeNO],and immunoglobulin E [IgE]),and the correlation of IL-33 and IFN-γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with airway inflammation and symptom control was analyzed,as well as the effect of IL-33 and IFN-γ on the level of symptom control in asthma. The ROC curve analysis was used to investigate the value of IL-33 combined with IFN-γ in predicting the level of asthma control. Results Compared with the control group,the asthma group had significantly higher levels of IL-33[(36.19±4.20) ng/L vs. (7.55±2.43) ng/L,t=25.607,P<0.05],EOS%[(18.65±0.91)% vs. (0.89±0.28)%,t=30.758,P<0.05],FeNO[(45.90±2.63) ppb vs. (5.77±1.94) ppb,t=32.181,P<0.05],and IgE[(275.68±20.39) IU/mL vs. (54.92±17.45) IU/mL,t=35.986,P<0.05] and a significantly lower level of IFN-d[(52.72±16.18) ng/L vs. (90.15±20.77) ng/L,t=9.770,all P<0.05]. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that IL-33 was positively correlated with EOS%,FeNO,and IgE(r=0.720,0.749,and 0.722,all P<0.05),while IFN-γ was negatively correlated with EOS%,FeNO,and IgE(r=-0.739,-0.703,and -0.767,all P<0.05). Compared with the controlled group,the uncontrolled group had a significantly higher level of IL-33[(48.93±15.87) ng/L vs. (20.47±6.56) ng/L,t=11.515,P<0.05] and a significantly lower level of IFN-γ[(41.66±12.40) ng/L vs. (66.37±18.25) ng/L,t=8.234,all P<0.05]. IL-33(odds ratio[OR]=1.398,95%CI=1.166-1.675,P<0.05) and IFN-γ(OR=0.421,95%CI=0.243-0.728,P<0.05) were independent influencing factors for the level of symptom control,and both IL-33 and IFN-γ had a linear relationship with the level of symptom control in asthma,among which IL-33 exhibited a negative linear relationship and IFN-γ exhibited a positive linear relationship. The ROC curve analysis showed that IL-33 and IFN-γ had an AUC of were 0.745(95%CI=0.651-0.825) and 0.766 (95%CI=0.673-0.843),respectively,in predicting the level of asthma control. With the R00 subgroup as the reference,the R01,R10,and R11 subgroups had an OR value of 1.293(95%CI=1.056-1.582,P<0.05),1.406(95%CI=1.133-1.744,P<0.05),and 7.472 (95%CI=5.062-11.029,P<0.05),respectively,for poor asthma control. The high expression of IL-33 and the low expression of IFN-γ had a positive additive interaction on the level of asthma control,with a proportion of 77.26% for the interaction between the two indicators. IL-33 combined with IFN-γ had an AUC of 0.883(95%CI=0.806-0.938,P<0.001) in predicting the level of asthma control,with a sensitivity of 82.98% and a specificity of 81.03%,which were greater than those of IL-33 and IFN-γ(Z=2.409 and 2.030,P=0.016 and 0.042). Conclusion The levels of IL-33 and IFN-γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are closely associated with airway inflammation and symptom control in asthma,which provides a reference for predicting the level of symptom control in the early stage and developing targeted intervention regimens.

Graphical abstract

关键词

哮喘 / 白细胞介素-33 / 干扰素-γ / 气道炎症 / 症状控制

Key words

asthma / interleukin-33 / interferon gamma / airway inflammation / symptom control

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熊蕾蕾,张向峰,张志英,罗青林,周雪,靳秀红. 外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与儿童哮喘气道炎症、症状控制水平的相关性及意义[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(03): 419-425 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003885

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儿童支气管哮喘为一种以慢性气道炎症和气道高反应性为特征的异质性疾病,为儿科最为常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,具有发病率高、易反复发作等特点,对患儿生长发育、身心健康均造成严重影响[1-3]。气道炎症为哮喘的主要病理改变,多种细胞及细胞因子均参与其发生过程,其中外周血单个核细胞为免疫系统重要组成,在哮喘发病机制中发挥关键作用[4]。白细胞介素-33(interleukin-33,IL-33)主要由上皮细胞、成纤维细胞等分泌,在哮喘患儿血清、气道上皮细胞、支气管肺泡灌洗液中均呈高表达。有研究表明,IL-33可通过激活Th2细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等促进炎症因子释放,从而加重气道炎症反应[5-6]。干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)主要由NK细胞和Th1细胞分泌,在哮喘发病过程中,IFN-γ水平通常降低,可抑制Th2细胞分化,减少Th2型细胞因子产生,从而减轻气道炎症,具有增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,促进抗原提呈,调节免疫平衡的作用[7-8]。目前临床评估诊断哮喘多根据症状、体征、肺功能检查等,但因患儿年龄较小配合度较差,均存在一定局限性,而IL-33、IFN-γ表达水平可能与儿童哮喘气道炎症及症状控制水平有关,故本研究尝试通过检测外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ水平,分析其与气道炎症及症状控制水平的关系,以期为临床早期诊断、评估病情提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2022年11月至2024年12月郑州大学附属儿童医院/河南省儿童医院郑州儿童医院收治的105例儿童哮喘患儿,其中男42例,女63例,年龄6~17(10.86±2.15)岁;体质量22~41(30.83±4.07) kg;病程21~64(41.58±10.59)个月。纳入标准:均符合儿童哮喘相关诊断标准[9];均为哮喘缓解期患儿;入院前1个月内均无糖皮质激素治疗史;家属知晓本研究,并签订知情同意书。排除标准:合并其他呼吸系统疾病;合并全身感染性疾病、自身免疫性疾病者;合并严重脏器功能障碍者;合并血液系统疾病者;精神障碍或检查依从性较差者。选取同期健康体检儿童105例作为对照组。本研究经本院伦理委员会审核批准(审批号:2019-k-2009)。

1.2 方法

外周血单个核细胞指标检测:均采集入院确诊后空腹状态下外周静脉血2 mL,置于肝素钠抗凝管中,采用密度梯度离心法分离外周血单个核细胞:将抗凝全血与淋巴细胞分离液按2∶1比例加入离心管中,经2 000 r/min离心20 min后,吸取中间云雾状外周血单个核细胞层,采用磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)洗涤3次,每次经1 500 r/min离心10 min,将外周血单个核细胞重悬于1 mL含10%胎牛血清的培养液中,调整细胞浓度为1×106/mL。采用ELISA法检测外周血单个核细胞培养上清液中IL-33、IFN-γ水平,试剂盒购于上海远慕生物公司。

气道炎症指标检测:采集入院确诊后空腹外周静脉血2 mL,经3 000 r/min离心10 min,分离血清。采用化学发光法检测血清免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin e,IgE)水平,试剂盒购于上海远慕生物公司;采用瑞典尼尔斯呼出一氧化氮测定系统检测呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)水平;另采集痰液于无菌容器中,采用细胞离心涂片法制备痰液涂片,涂片后采用瑞士-吉姆萨染色法染色,每张涂片计数600个细胞,取2张涂片平均值作为嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(eosinophil percentage,EOS%)。

症状控制水平评估:入院后均给予吸入性糖皮质激素治疗,布地奈德粉吸入剂(上海信谊百路达药业有限公司,批准文号:H20080316)100~200 μg/次,2次/d。入院时均采用哮喘控制测试量表评估症状控制情况,总分25分,其中0~19分为支气管哮喘未控制,20~24分为支气管哮喘控制水平良好,25分为支气管哮喘完全控制,评分越高表示症状控制水平越高,根据评分分为控制组(>19分)、未控制组(≤19分)。

1.3 观察指标

①比较哮喘组、对照组外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ、气道炎症。②分析哮喘组外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与气道炎症的相关性。③比较不同症状控制水平患者基线资料(年龄、性别、体质量、身高、病程、过敏性鼻炎、鼻窦炎、鼻息肉)、外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ水平。④分析外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与症状控制水平的相关性。⑤分析外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ交互影响哮喘症状控制水平的效应。⑥分析外周血单个核细胞IL-33联合IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的作用。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 28.0软件处理分析相关数据,符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差($\bar{x} \pm s$)表示,2组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料用频数(n,%)表示,2组间比较行卡方检验;Spearman/Pearson行相关性分析;采用Logistic回归方程分析相关影响因素,交互作用分析时使用比值比(odds ratio,OR)、相对超危险度比(the relative excess risk due to interaction,RERI)、交互作用指数(synergy index,S)、归因比(attributable proportion due to interaction,AP),S=(OR11-1)/(OR10-1)+(OR01-1),RERI=OR11-OR10-OR01+1;AP=RERI/OR11,若RERI=0、AP=0,S=1,则不存在交互作用,其中1表示因素存在,0表示不存在;预测价值分析采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,不同预测方案间AUC比较采用DeLong检验,联合预测实施Logistic二元回归拟合。均采用双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 哮喘组、对照组外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与气道炎症指标比较

哮喘组IL-33、EOS%、FeNO、IgE高于对照组,IFN-γ低于对照组(t=60.481、191.41、125.825、84.289、-14.568,均P<0.05),见表1

2.2 哮喘组外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与气道炎症指标的相关性

Pearson相关性分析显示,IL-33与EOS%、FeNO、IgE呈正相关(r=0.720、0.749、0.722,均P<0.05),IFN-γ与EOS%、FeNO、IgE呈负相关(r=-0.739、-0.703、-0.767,均P<0.05),见图1

2.3 不同症状控制水平患儿基线资料、外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ水平比较

未控制组年龄、性别、体质量、身高、病程、过敏性鼻炎、鼻窦炎、鼻息肉与控制组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);未控制组IL-33高于控制组,IFN-γ低于控制组(t=11.515、8.234,均P<0.05),见表2

2.4 外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与症状控制水平的相关性

多重共线性检验显示,IL-33、IFN-γ的方差膨胀因子分别为6.025、4.783,不存在多重共线性。以哮喘症状控制水平为因变量,良好=0,不良=1;以IL-33、IFN-γ为自变量,两者均按连续变量处理,结果显示,IL-33(OR=1.398,95%CI=1.166~1.675)、IFN-γ(OR=0.421,95%CI=0.243~0.728)是症状控制水平的独立相关影响因素(P<0.05),见表3

2.5 外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的最佳截断值确定

ROC分析显示,IL-33预测哮喘控制水平的最佳截断值为25.94 ng/L,AUC为0.745(95%CI=0.651~0.825),敏感度为85.11%,特异度为60.34%(P<0.001);IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的最佳截断值为53.73 ng/L,AUC为0.766(95%CI=0.673~0.843),敏感度为74.47%,特异度为65.52%(P<0.001),见图2

2.6 外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ交互影响哮喘症状控制水平的效应分析

根据最佳截断值,将IL-33、IFN-γ分为低表达、高表达患儿,据此可将患儿分为IL-33低表达+IFN-γ高表达(R00)、IL-33低表达+IFN-γ低表达(R01)、IL-33高表达+IFN-γ高表达(R10)、IL-33高表达+IFN-γ低表达(R11)亚组,以R00为参照,R01、R10、R11亚组患儿哮喘控制不良的风险值OR(95%CI)分别为1.293(95%CI=1.056~1.582)、1.406(95%CI=1.133~1.744)、7.472(95%CI=5.062~11.029)(P<0.05),见表4。根据以上分析结果,RERI=5.773、S=5.811,提示IL-33高表达+IFN-γ低表达对哮喘控制水平具有正相加交互作用;AP=0.772 6,提示在导致哮喘未控制的因素中,由两者交互作用所占的比例为77.26%。

2.7 外周血单个核细胞IL-33联合IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的作用

运用logistic回归拟合获得IL-33联合IFN-γ的ROC曲线显示,联合预测哮喘控制水平的AUC为0.883(95%CI=0.806~0.938),敏感度为82.98%,特异度为81.03%(P<0.001),见图3。比较联合与单独的AUC发现,联合的AUC明显大于IL-33、IFN-γ(Z=2.409、2.030,P=0.016、0.042)。

3 讨论

支气管哮喘为儿科常见的慢性呼吸道功能受限疾病,以呼吸道内炎症反应为主要特征,临床症状主要表现为胸闷、喘息、咳嗽等。受目前环境因素加重的影响,儿童支气管哮喘发病率逐渐上升,且随病情进展可诱发气道炎症、呼吸道阻塞等症状加重病情,同时支气管哮喘治疗后易反复发作,可引起患儿出现肺功能发育不良、呼吸道不可逆病变等,对患儿生长发育、生命安全均造成严重影响[10-12]。因此,积极探讨儿童哮喘早期病情评估方案具有重大意义。

IL-33为机体重要炎症介质,主要表达于肺组织内皮细胞、上皮细胞、单核细胞中,当肺组织受到损伤、应激等可分泌释放IL-33,与支气管哮喘的发生密切相关[13]。IFN-γ为一种特异性糖蛋白,其可通过T盒转录因子蛋白、GATA-3抑制Th2反应,在哮喘炎症反应中可发挥抑制作用[14]。本研究结果显示,哮喘组IL-33、EOS%、FeNO、IgE明显高于对照组,IFN-γ明显低于对照组,且IL-33、IFN-γ与气道炎症指标均存在相关性,说明外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与儿童哮喘气道炎症密切相关。报道显示,IL-33可与Th2细胞表面ST2L受体结合,激活下游的IRAK、TRAF6等信号分子及NF-κB、MAPK信号通路,促进Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13等分泌,从而加重炎症反应[15-16]。既往有学者发现,IL-33可直接激活肥大细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞,通过促进肥大细胞成熟、活化,可促使其释放炎性因子,且IL-33可增强嗜酸性粒细胞趋化能力,释放更多炎性因子,从而加重气道炎症[17]。本研究与其结果基本一致。IFN-γ可参与嗜酸性粒细胞的活化、分化及募集,下调嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子受体3的表达,在哮喘患儿中,IFN-γ可通过减少嗜酸性粒细胞增多、调节肺树突状细胞功能,缓解气道炎症[18-19]。研究表明,IFN-γ可通过抑制Th2细胞特异性转录因子表达,减少IL-4、IL-5、IL-13等Th2细胞因子产生,从而减轻Th2介导的炎症反应,在哮喘患儿中,通过给予外源性IFN-γ可有效降低Th2细胞因子水平,从而改善气道炎症及肺功能[20-21]。因此,外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ与哮喘患儿气道炎症反应密切相关。

此外,本研究结果还发现,不同症状控制水平患儿外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ水平存在明显差异,且IL-33、IFN-γ为症状控制水平的独立相关影响因素,且本研究进一步创新性通过平滑曲线拟合显示,IL-33、IFN-γ与哮喘症状控制水平呈线性关系,进一步证实IL-33、IFN-γ与症状控制水平的关系。相关研究表明,固有淋巴细胞(ILC)在哮喘的发病过程中发挥着关键作用[22-23],而IL-33可激活ILC2,促使其分泌Th2细胞因子,从而促进气道炎症的发生和发展,且在哮喘小鼠模型中,通过阻断IL-33/ST2信号通路可减少ILC2的活化及Th2型细胞因子分泌,从而缓解气道高反应性。IFN-γ可调节气道上皮细胞功能,而气道上皮细胞可释放多种细胞因子和趋化因子,参与气道炎症的发生和发展,IFN-γ可通过抑制气道上皮细胞产生IL-33等促炎细胞因子,减轻炎症细胞募集、活化,且IFN-γ可促进气道上皮细胞再生,增强气道上皮屏障功能,从而降低气道炎症发生风险[24-25]。因此IL-33、IFN-γ可作为评估哮喘患儿病情的参考指标。基于上述研究结果,本研究试通过ROC曲线分析其对症状控制水平的预测价值,结果显示IL-33联合IFN-γ预测哮喘控制水平的AUC为0.883,具有较高预测价值,且IL-33高表达+IFN-γ低表达对哮喘控制水平具有正相加交互作用,进一步说明IL-33、IFN-γ对哮喘控制水平的评估价值。

综上所述,外周血单个核细胞IL-33、IFN-γ水平与哮喘气道炎症反应、症状控制水平密切相关,临床可通过其早期预测评估症状控制水平,以针对性制定干预治疗方案。

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基金资助

河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建资助项目(LHGJ20190977)

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