炎症在代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病肝纤维化与亚临床动脉粥样硬化间的中介效应分析

梅佳 ,  王丽华 ,  谢云彩 ,  靳雨笛 ,  陈英

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (01) : 130 -138.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (01) : 130 -138. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003950
临床研究

炎症在代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病肝纤维化与亚临床动脉粥样硬化间的中介效应分析

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Inflammation as a mediator between fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis

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摘要

目的 分析炎症、代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease MASLD)与亚临床动脉粥样硬化(subclinical atherosclerosis SCA)患者的关系,探讨炎症在肝纤维化对SCA影响中的作用。 方法 连续纳入重医附二院江南院区体检中心2023年10月31日至2024年11月1日符合纳排标准的9 791例患者,从电子病历收集患者信息。 结果 在控制传统心血管风险因素后,多因素logistic结果显示,患MASLD与PLR(1.00,P=0.01)和MHR(1.21,P<0.001)存在显著相关;SCA的发生与APRI(1.43,P=0.036)、LMR(0.96,P=0.019)和SIRI(0.71,P=0.018)存在显著相关;中介分析结果显示,FIB-4与APRI分别通过炎症因子MHR(95%CI=0.005~0.032)、SII(95%CI=-0.068~-0.032)、SIRI(95%CI=-0.011~-0.003)和NLR(95%CI=-0.02~-0.002)、PLR(95%CI=0.055~0175)、LMR(95%CI=0.011~0.001)、SIRI(95%CI=-0.042~-0.002)对SCA的发生发挥部分中介的作用。 结论 MASLD肝纤维化对SCA的发生具有直接效应,同时还通过炎症因子对其产生影响,强调了MASLD患者在早期筛查CVD疾病风险的重要性,同时抗炎疗法可能会在MASLD的未来管理中发挥重要作用。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the relationships of inflammation,metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD),and subclinical atherosclerosis(SCA),and to explore the role of inflammation in the impact of liver fibrosis on SCA. Methods A total of 9791 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled from the Health Examination Center at the Jiangnan Campus of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between October 31,2023 and November 1,2024. Patient information was collected from electronic medical records. Results After adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors,multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of MASLD with platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (1.00,P=0.01) and monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio(1.21,P<0.001). The occurrence of SCA was significantly related to aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index(1.43,P=0.036),lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio(0.96,P=0.019),and systemic inflammation response index(0.71,P=0.018). Mediation analysis indicated that fibrosis-4 index exerted partial mediating effects on the occurrence of SCA through inflammatory markers monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio(95%CI=0.005 to 0.032),systemic immune-inflammation index (95%CI: -0.068 to -0.032),and systemic inflammation response index(95%CI= -0.011 to -0.003),while aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index through neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(95%CI=-0.02 to -0.002),platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(95%CI=0.055 to 0.175),lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio(95%CI=0.011 to 0.001),and systemic inflammation response index(95%CI=-0.042 to -0.002). Conclusion Liver fibrosis in MASLD has a direct effect on the occurrence of SCA and also influences it through inflammatory markers. These findings highlight the importance of early screening for cardiovascular disease risk in MASLD patients and suggest that anti-inflammatory therapy may play a significant role in the future management of MASLD.

Graphical abstract

关键词

代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病 / 肝纤维化 / 亚临床动脉粥样硬化 / 炎症

Key words

metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease / liver fibrosis / subclinical atherosclerosis / inflammation

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梅佳,王丽华,谢云彩,靳雨笛,陈英. 炎症在代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病肝纤维化与亚临床动脉粥样硬化间的中介效应分析[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(01): 130-138 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003950

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非酒精性脂肪肝病的发病率在全球已达30%左右[1]。为了更好反映NAFLD的病因及其与其他代谢疾病的共存情况,2020年提出了代谢相关脂肪肝病(metabolic-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)一词[2-3]。随后,3个主要的跨国肝脏协会提出“代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease,MASLD)”一词应取代“非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)”[4]。最新研究表明NAFLD和MASLD的定义非常一致,大约99%的NAFLD患者符合MASLD诊断标准[5],因此2个定义可以互换使用。调查显示中国预计在2030年面临最严重的脂肪肝病流行[6],目前成人MASLD患者死亡的主要原因是心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)[7],研究指出MASLD是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)的早期指标,它与心血管疾病发病率和死亡率的增加具有独立的相关性[8],同时肝纤维化明显增加了心血管疾病不良结果的风险。但目前并不清楚MASLD中的哪些成分最终导致了动脉粥样硬化并加速了心血管疾病的进展[9]。而作为MASLD标志的慢性炎症,已被证明在动脉粥样硬化发展中起着关键作用[10-11],主要由于炎症蔓延出肝脏,显著影响其他器官系统,尤其是心血管系统[12-13],同时,MASLD也可以通过慢性低度炎症和脂肪因子失衡的共同途径加速动脉粥样硬化的发展[14]。因此,抗炎疗法可能会在MASLD的未来管理中发挥重要作用[15]。但炎症是否在MASLD纤维化和亚临床性动脉粥样硬化(subclinical atherosclerosis,SCA)之间发挥桥梁作用尚不明确。因此本研究旨在探究MASLD、炎症和SCA之间的关系,并探讨炎症在MASLD纤维化影响SCA发生发展中的作用,探究是否可以将MASLD作为干预CVD的风险因素或目标。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

本研究连续收集了2023年10月31日至2024年11月1日在重庆医科大学附属第二医院体检中心接受腹部彩超和颈动脉超声的21 259例患者的临床资料,对这部分人群进行了1项回顾性横断面研究。为避免共病患者其他疾病对本研究变量产生影响,本研究排除了除MASLD外,任何会影响肝功能、血脂、炎症细胞水平,及已有心血管疾病患者。具体排除标准如下:①不符合MASLD诊断标准[16];②半年内接受过他汀类或抗血栓药物治疗;③除脂肪肝以外的其它肝病,如肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌等;④有心血管疾病或癌症病史;⑤年龄<18岁;⑥病历信息不完整;⑦有任何血液系统疾病、现症感染。最终纳入9 791例患者(图1)。根据Kendall提出的样本量估算原则[17],样本至少是总变量的5~10倍,本研究总变量为31,样本量至少为155~310,本研究最终纳入9 791,符合要求。本研究已通过重医附二院伦理审查[2024年研伦审第(55)号]。

1.2 数据收集

从电子病历收集一般资料、病史及实验室数据。包括姓名、性别、年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、疾病史、吸烟、血压、腰围、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、肌酐、尿素、白蛋白、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、血小板、淋巴细胞、白细胞。

本研究采用了系统性炎症指标来评估MASLD患者的全身炎症状态(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)=中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)=血小板/淋巴细胞比值(lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio,LMR)=淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,MHR)=单核细胞/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值,全身免疫炎症指数(systemic immune-inflammation index,SII)=NLR×血小板计数,全身炎症反应指数(systemic inflammation response index,SIRI)=NLR×单核细胞计数[18-19]。同时计算了纤维化-4指数(fibrosis-4 index,FIB-4)、谷草转氨酶和血小板比值指数(aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index,APRI)评分:FIB-4=[年龄(年)×AST(U/L))/(血小板计数(×109/L)×ALT(U/L)1/2],FIB-4<1.3为非纤维化,1.3≤FIB-4≤2.67为可疑肝纤维化,FIB-4>2.67为肝纤维化进展期[20];APRI=100×(AST/正常上限)/血小板计数(×109/L),晚期纤维化发生率低和高的临界值分别为0.5和1.5[21]

腹部、颈动脉超声检查由重医附二院经验丰富的彩超医生进行,符合以下2点即可诊断为脂肪肝[22]:肝脏近场回声增强;肝内管道结构不清;肝脏远场回声减弱。异常颈动脉内中膜厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)被定义为>1.2 mm的CIMT。颈动脉斑块被定义为比周围CIMT至少大0.5 mm或50%的焦点壁增厚,或CIMT>1.5 mm的焦点区域,突出到任何颈动脉段的腔内[23]。当发现异常的CIMT或颈动脉斑块时,被定义为SCA[24]

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行录入、校对和分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差($\bar{x} \pm s$)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验分析;非正态分布数据采用中位数[MdP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,计数资料以n(%)表示,采用卡方检验;采用二元logistic回归模型分析MASLD及其纤维化、炎症与SCA的关系,多因素回归模型中的协变量根据其临床重要性和统计显著性进行选择。中介分析由SPSS版本26.0软件中Hayes和Preacher开发的PROCESS宏(Process V4.1)完成[25],采用Bootstrap 5 000次重复抽样进行中介效应检验。所有报告的P值都是双侧的,检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 MASLD组和无MASLD组临床特征比较

本研究一般资料显示(表1),纳入人群年龄中位为52岁,其中5 648例(57.7%)男性,3 979例患者诊断为MASLD。MASLD组男性比例、吸烟率、糖尿病病史和高血压病史高,且年龄、FBG、血压、BMI、腰围、肝功能指标(AST、ALT)、肾功能指标(肌酐、尿素)、血浆蛋白水平(白蛋白、TC、TG、LDL-C)、肝纤维化(APRI、FIB-4)、血液细胞计数(中性粒细胞、血小板、淋巴细胞、白细胞)均高于无MASLD组,而HDL-C水平更低。

2.2 炎症指标与MASLD的回归分析

为评估炎症标志物与MASLD之间的关联,本研究进行了logistic单因素及多因素分析。单因素结果显示(表2),PLR、MHR和SIRI与MASLD显著相关;进一步进行多因素分析显示(表3),在调整传统心血管危险因素(年龄、性别、吸烟、高血压/糖尿病病史、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C)后,结果显示MASLD与PLR(1.00,95%CI=1.00~1.00;P=0.010)和MHR(1.21,95%CI=1.05~1.20;P<0.001)仍然存在显著相关,而与SIRI(0.99,95%CI=0.87~1.11;P=0.800)无显著相关。

2.3 炎症指标及MASLD纤维化与SCA的回归分析

炎症指标及MASLD纤维化与SCA的二元logistic单因素及多因素分析如下,单因素结果显示(表4),患MASLD、FIB-4、APRI、NLR、PLR、LMR、MHR、SII、SIRI均与SCA显著相关。在多因素分析中,进一步调整了心血管危险因素(年龄、性别、吸烟、高血压/糖尿病病史、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C)后结果显示(表5),SCA与APRI(1.43,95%CI=1.03~2.01;P=0.036)、LMR(0.96,95%CI=0.93~0.99;P=0.019)和SIRI(0.71,95%CI=0.54~0.94;P=0.018)仍存在显著相关,而与患MASLD、FIB-4、NLR、PLR、MHR和SII无显著相关。

2.4 MASLD纤维化标志物与SCA的中介分析

MASLD纤维化标志物FIB-4、APRI对SCA的中介分析结果分别见表6表7,中介分析路径如图2所示。在纤维化标志物FIB-4中,MHR(β=-0.042,-95%CI=0.005~0.032)、SII(β=-0.048,95%CI=-0.068~-0.032)、SIRI(β=-0.007,95%CI=-0.011~-0.003)的95%CI不包含0,表明中介效应显著。在标志物APRI中,NLR(β=-0.009,95%CI=-0.02~-0.002)、PLR(β=0.031,95%CI=0.055~0175)、LMR(β=0.021,95%CI=0.011~0.001)、SIRI(β=-0.017,95%CI=-0.042~-0.002)的95%CI不包含0,表明中介效应显著,此外,尽管APRI对LMR的影响不显著(即a路径不显著),但用Bootstrap法直接检验H0:a*b=0,结果显著,仍说明间接效应显著[26]

3 讨论

本研究结果表明,MASLD组存在的传统心血管危险因素比例、肝功能及纤维化指标、血液炎症细胞水平更高。Wang Y等[27]的研究同样发现,随着代谢异常的增加,SCA发病率也会相应增加,且血压和血糖的升高都是预测亚临床疾病的重要因素;另有研究也指出MASLD患者的特征是TG、LDL-C升高,HDL-C下降,而血脂异常与心血管疾病密切相关,尤其是LDL-C的增高是动脉粥样硬化的主要驱动因素[28]。考虑原因为,MASLD作为全身代谢疾病,伴随着胰岛素介导的肝葡萄糖分泌抑制受损,从而引起脂肪肝、高血糖和血脂异常,而胰岛素抵抗、脂蛋白代谢异常、慢性低度炎症、脂毒性和过度氧化应激等作为MASLD的重要生理病理也会共同作用于血管,最终导致动脉粥样硬化的发生[7];另一方面,胆固醇的反向运输(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)是1个重要的心脏保护过程,而HDL-C的降低会损害RCT使血浆胆固醇清除能力降低,最终导致心血管疾病风险的增加[1030];同时升高的TG也可以通过形成具有动脉粥样硬化性的小而密低密度脂蛋白,直接和间接地促进动脉粥样硬化的发生[30]。孔令银[31]研究所观察到的血常规及血脂结果与本研究相似,MASLD患者肝功能指标及炎症细胞升高主要由于肝内网状细胞失活,导致肝脏功能障碍,进一步引起中性粒细胞及白细胞计数的增加[32]

本研究同样发现,在调整了传统心血管危险因素后,患MASLD与较高的MHR值相关;SCA与较高的APRI值及较低的SIRI值相关,与LMR的相关性较小。Zhao Y等[18]的研究结果与本研究相同,即在调整传统心血管混杂因素后,高MHR值仍然是与患MASLD最相关的炎症标志物,同样有研究指出MHR可能是预测代谢综合征患者和评估疾病严重程度的有用炎症标志物[33]。MHR是单核细胞与HDL-C的比值,单核细胞属于单核-巨噬细胞系统[34],是宿主防御的第一线,是急性和慢性炎症的关键介质[35],且可诱导免疫-炎症反应[36]。HDL-C具有抗炎特性,在预防其他炎症性疾病中也可能是必需的[37],同时还能在胆固醇消耗的介导下对巨噬细胞发挥抗炎作用[38]。MASLD患者大多存在营养过剩,过多的内脏脂肪导致巨噬细胞浸润到组织间隙,进而引发促炎症状态,增加胰岛素抵抗。在胰岛素抵抗的情况下,不适当的脂肪分解导致异常的脂肪酸转运至肝脏,导致代谢能力下降。由于脂质代谢失衡,形成了脂毒性脂质,这些脂质引起细胞应激、炎症体激活和凋亡细胞死亡,同时刺激炎症、组织再生和纤维化[39]。Xin Z等[40]的研究结果与本研究类似,即SCA患者有更高的APRI值,同样有研究观察到APRI和心力衰竭之间存在显著的相互作用[41],但有研究指出与APRI相比,FIB-4是最有效且预后准确性最高的非侵入性肝纤维化指标[21],但本研究无法得出本结论可能由于FIB-4的计算方式纳入了年龄,而本研究人群年龄中位为52岁,FIB-4指数可能会过度预测老年患者的纤维化[42],即非MASLD患者仍有较高的FIB-4值。本研究同样观察到SCA与较低的SIRI值相关,但关于SIRI与CVD的关联目前还存在争议,有研究发现SIRI与CVD的关联仅在<60岁的受试者中显著[43],而后有研究指出SIRI更有可能促进≥65岁患者的CVD发展[44],因此后续研究可能还需要纳入更多年龄段患者,探讨不同年龄段患者SIRI与CVD的关联。

本研究进一步使用中介效应分析了MASLD纤维化通过炎症反应对发生SCA的影响,中介效应分析表明在控制炎症因子后,纤维化指标FIB-4及APRI对SCA的发生有直接效应,即FIB-4与APRI水平越高,发生SCA的概率越大;同时MASLD纤维化还通过炎症因子作为中介对SCA的发生产生影响,即FIB-4水平的增加会通过降低MHR、SII、SIRI间接使发生SCA的概率减小,APRI增加会导致NLR、SIRI水平降低间接减少发生SCA的概率,但最终FIB-4、APRI的直接效应都会使发生SCA的概率增加,同时APRI的增加还通过降低PLR、LMR水平,导致发生SCA的概率增加。因此肝纤维化不仅是SCA的直接危险因素[45],同时肝纤维化过程中,肝细胞损伤和氧化应激会激活NF-κB信号通路,NF-κB是炎症反应中的关键转录因子,能够调控多种炎症因子和黏附分子的表达,这些炎症因子和黏附分子能够吸引炎症细胞(如巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞)浸润到动脉壁,促进泡沫细胞的形成和炎症反应[46],而NF-κB的激活与动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性和进展密切相关;已有研究还发现,氧化应激产生的活性氧不仅能够直接激活肝星状细胞,还能通过激活NF-κB和NLRP3炎症体通路,促进炎症因子的释放[47],动脉粥样硬化病变进程中的一个决定性事件即是慢性炎症反应,其主要特征是炎症细胞(包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和单核细胞)的浸润和促炎因子的分泌,肝纤维化的发生间接促进了炎症细胞在血管壁的积累形成缩小动脉内腔或将其堵塞的斑块[48],进而发生SCA,且长期的低度炎症会对血管的结构和功能造成不可逆的损害[49],动脉硬化的加速将进一步导致冠心病、心绞痛和心肌梗塞等心血管并发症[10]

因此抗炎疗法可能会在MASLD的未来管理中发挥重要作用。先前已有研究证明炎症指标PLR、NLR和LMR与患MASLD呈反比关系[50-51],同时本研究还发现在控制了纤维化标志物影响后,炎症指标PLR、LMR与SCA的发生同样成反比,因此作为更经济、常规的检查,炎症指标PLR、LMR是否有助于MASLD患者筛查SCA的发生值得进一步探究。

4 结论与局限性

综上,本研究发现MASLD患者患SCA的可能性更高,强调了MASLD患者在早期筛查CVD疾病风险的重要性,同时建议MASLD的诊断应被考虑在心血管风险增强因素中。研究同样发现MASLD患者的纤维化指数不仅对患SCA有直接效应,还通过炎症这一中介变量影响患SCA的风险。

同样本研究也具有一定的局限,首先,本研究为单中心,样本的地域及生活方式等不同对结果会产生一定的选择性偏差,同时本研究为回顾性研究,尽管运用了logistic回归模型调整混杂因素,但依然存在无法完全控制的潜在混杂因素;其次非侵入性肝纤维化评分虽然在大部分肝病患者中都得到了很好的验证,但其准确性依然不如肝活检;本研究仅选择了2个SCA的标志物,而颈动脉斑块指数(如颈动脉斑块负担和最大颈动脉斑块厚度)比CIMT更能预测心血管疾病风险[52],然而本研究无法得到CIMT的定量指标。因此鉴于这些限制,可能需要进行前瞻性研究,以更深入地了解肝纤维化评分和SCA之间的关联。

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