NLRP3炎症小体在子宫内膜容受性缺陷相关性不孕症中的研究进展

徐梦丹 ,  李佩双 ,  刘淑真 ,  熊海沂 ,  邹希杰 ,  梁瑞宁

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (08) : 1204 -1211.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (08) : 1204 -1211. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004016
综述

NLRP3炎症小体在子宫内膜容受性缺陷相关性不孕症中的研究进展

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Research advances in NLRP3 inflammasome in infertility associated with impaired endometrial receptivity

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摘要

子宫内膜容受性(endometrial receptivity,ER)缺陷是导致女性不孕的重要因素,NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor family,pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体是影响ER生理病理过程的关键靶点。本文综述了NLRP3炎症小体在ER建立中的分子机制及其在子宫内膜异位症、子宫腺肌病、慢性子宫内膜炎等疾病中的异常激活与病理关联。研究表明,靶向抑制NLRP3或为其相关通路可能成为改善ER的潜在治疗策略,但临床转化与应用价值仍需通过临床试验深入探索。本文旨在为ER缺陷相关不孕症的发病机制研究及临床治疗提供新视角。

Abstract

Endometrial receptivity(ER) disorder is an important factor for female infertility,and NOD-like receptor family,pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasome is a key target affecting the physiological and pathological processes of ER. This article reviews the molecular mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in ER establishment and explores its aberrant activation and pathological association in diseases such as endometriosis,adenomyosis,and chronic endometritis. Studies have shown that targeted inhibition of NLRP3 or related signaling pathways may become a potential therapeutic strategy for improving ER,but clinical trials are needed to further validate the clinical translation and application value of such interventions. This article aims to provide new insights into the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of infertility associated with ER disorder

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关键词

子宫内膜容受性 / NLRP3炎症小体 / 不孕症

Key words

endometrial receptivity / NLRP3 inflammasome / infertility

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徐梦丹,李佩双,刘淑真,熊海沂,邹希杰,梁瑞宁. NLRP3炎症小体在子宫内膜容受性缺陷相关性不孕症中的研究进展[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(08): 1204-1211 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004016

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1978年试管婴儿的诞生开创了人类辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technology,ART)的新纪元。随着ART的不断革新与完善,已经成为解决不孕不育问题的常规临床手段。尽管ART日趋成熟,但仍有部分患者面临优质胚胎反复种植失败的困境。而胚胎植入被认为是ART进步的最后一个障碍[1]。有学者认为,在不孕病因中,胚胎自身因素约占1/3,子宫内膜容受性(endometrial receptivity,ER)或胚胎—子宫内膜对话缺陷约占2/3[2]。因此,深入研究ER的调控机制,对阐明相关生殖障碍疾病的发病机理和发现生物标志物具有重要意义。研究表明,子宫内膜的适度炎症反应是胚胎成功植入的必要条件,而过度或持续的炎症状态则会导致容受性失衡。其中,NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor family,pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体作为先天免疫系统的关键调控枢纽,通过激活半胱天冬酶-1(cysteine-aspartic protease-1,caspase-1)和释放白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)等炎症因子参与子宫内膜的免疫调节。值得注意的是,NLRP3的异常活化已被发现与子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis,EMs)等ER缺陷相关疾病密切相关。这种关联性提示,靶向调控NLRP3炎症小体通路可能成为改善ER缺陷相关不孕症的新策略,通过重建胚胎-子宫内膜对话的免疫平衡,为ART中难治性不孕患者提供突破性研究方向。

1 ER与NLRP3炎症小体

ER是指子宫内膜在“植入窗口期”(月经周期的第19~23天)发育而形成的一种特殊功能状态,使其能够接受胚胎着床植入且支持早期妊娠的建立。ER的建立是动态过程,表现为:在激素方面,子宫内膜主要受到雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、孕酮(progesterone,P4)的协同调节。排卵后,子宫内膜进入分泌期。E2水平较增殖期减少。P4占主导地位,诱导子宫内膜上皮分化、基质蜕膜化,刺激蜕膜化过程[3];在形态方面,子宫内膜增厚至7~12 mm,管状腺体增大弯曲扩张,分泌活动增强。上皮细胞表面出现胞饮突结构。子宫螺旋动脉重塑,血管通透性增加;在分子水平上,整合素alpha V beta 3(integrin alpha V beta 3,αvβ3)、白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)、同源框A10(homeobox A10,HOXA10)等黏附分子、细胞生长因子和转录因子表达上调。在细胞层面,子宫自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞处于富集状态,可占到子宫内膜白细胞总量的70%,其释放血管生成因子促进螺旋动脉的重塑,巨噬细胞M2型极化促进组织修复与免疫耐受[2]。同时,糖原、脂质储备增加。以上,共同构成适宜胚胎植入的微环境。当这一精细调控过程出现异常时,即使胚胎质量正常,也可能导致胚胎黏附植入失败或早期妊娠丢失,成为女性不孕的重要原因。

NLRP3炎症小体是一种由NLRP3、接头分子凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain,ASC)和效应蛋白caspase-1组成的多蛋白复合物,能够识别病原体感染或细胞损伤等危险信号。NLRP3炎症小体的活化需要经历启动和激活2个关键阶段。在启动阶段,病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)或损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)通过Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路,促进NLRP3和IL-1β前体(pro-interleukin-1β,pro-IL-1β)的转录表达,为炎症小体的组装提供物质基础;而在激活阶段,多种刺激因素如三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)、细菌毒素等通过触发钾离子(K+)外流、钙离子(Ca2+)内流、活性氧产生、线粒体损伤以及溶酶体破裂等细胞事件,最终导致NLRP3炎症小体组装。此外,氯离子(Cl⁻)外流和钠离子(Na⁺)内流、线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)释放等过程也参与调控NLRP3的活化。活化的NLRP3与接头蛋白ASC和pro-caspase-1结合,形成炎症小体复合物,促使caspase-1活化。活化的caspase-1进一步切割pro-IL-1β和pro-IL-18,使二者成熟并分泌,同时可切割消皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)触发细胞焦亡,放大炎症反应(图1)。除经典途径外,非经典炎症小体途径(如caspase-11/4/5介导的NLRP3激活)也在宿主防御中发挥作用[4]。

子宫内膜中促炎与抗炎过程的动态平衡,是成功建立ER、实现胚胎黏附与侵入的关键。在胚胎植入早期,促炎过程占主导地位,表现为免疫细胞数量及促炎因子分泌增加。2020年,Azlan A等[5]对人子宫内膜中NLRP3炎症小体各组分的表达和定位进行研究。结果发现,NLRP3炎症小体及其组分(如ASC)在子宫内膜中呈现周期性表达变化,主要分布在蜕膜化基质细胞(特别是螺旋动脉周围)、腺上皮细胞等区域。NLRP3在增殖中期和分泌中期表达明显上调,通过E2和雌激素受体β(estrogen receptor β,ERβ)转录上调,增强子宫内膜Ishikawa细胞的上皮—间质转化,以促进胚胎黏附着床[6]。生理状态下,内质网应激激活传感蛋白,诱导硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein,TXNIP)结合并激活NLRP3炎症小体,促进caspase-1活化,催化未活化的IL-1β前体向成熟分泌形式裂解,增强滋养层侵袭,具有促植入作用[7]。microRNAs调控子宫内膜中基因表达,在胚胎植入过程中发挥重要作用。其中,miRNA-138-5p通过抑制G蛋白偶联受体124(G protein-coupled receptor 124,GPR124)以及炎症小体NLRP3、IL-18和IL-1β信号传导,激活人蜕膜基质细胞中LIF-信号转导与转录激活因子(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)和黏附分子信号,改善ER,调节胚胎着床和早期妊娠[8-9]。

2 NLRP3炎症小体与ER缺陷相关不孕症

近年研究表明,NLRP3炎症小体的异常激活或功能失调与多种生殖系统疾病的发生发展密切相关,其机制涉及炎症反应、线粒体功能和激素调节等多个方面(图2)。不同病因导致的不孕症具体发病机制存在差异,需结合具体病理过程逐一解析。

2.1 EMs

在EMs患者的异位子宫内膜组织中,存在Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog,KRAS)等基因突变及DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰等表观遗传异常,共同导致局部微环境呈现P4抵抗和雌激素依赖的病理特征,表现为雌激素合成和雌激素受体表达增加,以及对P4刺激的应答能力减弱,使ER功能降低[10-11]。研究发现,同对照组相比,EMs患者异位内膜组织中αvβ3、LIF及HOXA家族表达降低[12]。此外,经超声检测,EMs患者子宫动脉的搏动指数、阻力指数及收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速的比值均升高。这表明组织供血受阻,血流灌注障碍,ER缺陷,进而干扰子宫内膜正常的蜕膜化和植入窗口期的同步性[13]。

同正常组相比,EMs患者子宫内膜组织中NF-κB及NLRP3蛋白表达水平明显升高,且二者表达水平与患者血清CA125水平呈正相关。其中,异位子宫内膜组织的NLRP3蛋白表达水平明显高于在位子宫内膜组织[14],其特征是NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、GSDMD和IL-1β表达上调[15]。NLRP3炎症小体通过多途径参与EMs发病:①雌激素通过ERα、ERβ激活细胞中NLRP3炎症小体,促进IL-1β、IL-18释放,增强异位内膜细胞的黏附、侵袭和增殖能力,促进EMs病变进展及纤维化[16-17];②多条信号通路协同调控促进细胞焦亡加剧EMs炎症反应,GATA结合蛋白6(GATA binding protein 6,GATA6)、三联基序蛋白24(tripartite motif containing 24,TRIM24)及前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)等通过转录激活、泛素化修饰及caspase-1活化协同作用,激活巨噬细胞和子宫内膜基质细胞互作,驱动促炎微环境形成[18-21];③NLRP3炎症小体通过神经源性基因位点Notch同源蛋白1(neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1,Notch1)依赖性方式影响血管生成[22];④NLRP3炎症小体通过外周和中枢双重机制参与EMs疼痛发生。在外周,其激活后促进病灶组织中IL-1β等促炎因子释放,直接刺激疼痛神经。在中枢,小胶质细胞中NLRP3炎症小体活化引发神经炎症,导致疼痛敏化[23]。以上表明,NLRP3为EMs致病机制中的关键靶点。这种由NLRP3炎症小体介导的持续炎症状态,直接损害ER。高水平的IL-1β等促炎因子下调关键容受性标志物的表达,破坏植入窗口期的分子平衡。同时,炎症导致的组织纤维化和异常血管生成,改变了子宫内膜的形态结构和血流灌注,使得子宫内膜无法为胚胎提供适宜的附着和植入环境,即使有优质胚胎也难以着床。

2.2 子宫腺肌病(adenomyosis,AD)

ER障碍是AD患者胚胎植入的根本障碍[24]。经磁共振灌注加权成像检测,与生育功能正常组相比,AD不孕组患者的子宫内膜厚度低,内膜下灌注正性增强积分降低、最大增强线性斜率降低、灌注平均强化时间增加,表明AD不孕患者存在ER缺陷[25]。再者,AD患者的内膜关键容受性标志物(HOXA家族、LIF、αvβ3和骨桥蛋白)、孕激素受体表达下调和蜕膜化相关基因表达异常,导致胚胎附着和植入能力下降,影响胚胎着床[26-28]。子宫连接区增厚和蠕动异常也干扰胚胎运输和植入[29]。此外,AD患者的子宫内膜氧化应激失衡,自由基调节酶表达紊乱,进一步损害ER[24]。

AD患者子宫内膜组织中NLRP3炎症小体关键组分NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1的表达明显上调[30]。研究表明,细胞凋亡相关基因19下调激活了NLRP3信号通路,导致巨噬细胞焦亡和IL-1β分泌增加,促进AD致病[31]。另有实验证实NLRP3炎症小体通过调控上皮钙黏蛋白(epithelial-cadherin,E-cadherin)/神经钙黏蛋白(neural-cadherin,N-cadherin)促进上皮—间质转化,促进子宫内膜细胞的异常增殖和侵袭,扩大AD病灶[32]。这些变化共同导致子宫内膜无法在种植窗口期建立起接纳胚胎所必需的分子和细胞微环境,构成其不孕的病理基础。

2.3 慢性子宫内膜炎(chronic endometritis,CE)

CE表现为子宫内膜局部炎症微环境的显著改变。细胞水平上表现为异常增加的B淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,同时伴随NK细胞和巨噬细胞募集减少[33]。Di Pietro C等[34]采用实时定量PCR技术,检测CE患者与健康女性的子宫内膜组织中与炎症、细胞增殖及凋亡等过程的关键基因。其中,包括IL-11在内的多个炎症相关基因的表达水平出现明显改变。宫腔内微生物对ER具有直接的影响,细菌感染可激活E-选择素(endothelial selectin,E-selectin)和C-X-C 基序趋化因子配体13(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13,CXCL13)等信号,促进子宫内膜免疫细胞异常迁移,并导致免疫球蛋白分泌紊乱[35]。另有研究表明,CE患者子宫内膜中蜕膜标志物催乳素和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1(insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1,IGFBP-1)的分泌受损和mRNA 表达降低[36]。因此,CE改变了内膜中细胞及生化因子的产生,扰乱“窗口期”ER的建立,进而影响存活囊胚与蜕膜化子宫内膜的适时黏附及滋养层侵袭过程,导致不孕。

在CE病理过程中,NLRP3炎症小体的激活与抑制受多条信号通路协同调控。子宫内膜炎性病灶中剪接型X盒结合蛋白1(spliced X-box binding protein 1,XBP1)和膜联蛋白A1(annexin A1,ANXA1)表达下调,进而促进NF-κB和NLRP3炎性通路的活化,增强促炎因子释放和肥大细胞激活,放大炎症反应[37-38]。NLRP3炎症小体的激活还依赖于线粒体功能障碍,氧化mtDNA生成增加,激活自身配体,触发caspase-1,促进IL-1β释放[39]。中性粒细胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)是由中性粒细胞释放的网状纤维结构,在子宫感染过程中可清除病原体。NETs可上调焦亡相关蛋白和促炎细胞因子水平,导致子宫内膜上皮细胞焦亡和组织损伤[40]。研究发现,miR-124-3p在CE患者的子宫内膜中异常升高会通过靶向降低同源结构域GTP酶激活蛋白1(identity quantity GTPase-activating protein 1,IQGAP1)表达,破坏上皮细胞极性与黏附能力,从而损害ER,导致胚胎着床失败和不孕[41]。且miR-124-3p、miR-495-3p和miR-223调控NLRP3炎症小体、caspase-1活化和IL-1β分泌,从而调节炎症反应[42-43]。去乙酰化酶2(sirtuin 2,SIRT2)介导NLRP3去乙酰化抑制其活化。脂肪来源的间充质干细胞外泌体通过调控SIRT2/NLRP3轴减少M1型巨噬细胞极化,缓解子宫内膜局部的慢性炎症反应[44]。CE的核心是子宫内膜局部免疫微环境失衡,而NLRP3炎症小体是此过程的关键效应器。其活化后产生的IL-1β等细胞因子,招募并激活更多免疫细胞(如浆细胞),形成恶性炎症循环,直接毒害子宫内膜细胞。

2.4 反复种植失败(repeated implantation failure,RIF)

1项前瞻性多中心临床研究显示,25.9%的RIF患者存在ER异常,主要表现为植入“窗口期”移位,高于对照组的12%[45]。进一步研究发现,RIF患者的子宫内膜基质细胞对胚胎滋养层的趋化侵袭能力明显减弱,与人类白细胞抗原HLA-B表达下调存在一定关系[46]。因此,ER缺陷是ART移植胚胎着床率低导致RIF的重要原因之一。

RIF的发生与母胎界面的异常炎症反应相关,这一过程与NLRP3炎症小体的异常表达相关。RIF患者的子宫内膜中miR-3074-5p表达下调,NLRP3炎症小体通过miR-3074-5p/ERα/NF-κB信号轴激活,促进巨噬细胞向促炎M1型极化并诱发细胞焦亡,导致IL-1β等促炎因子大量释放,破坏母胎界面的免疫微环境。此外,miR-17-5p、miR-21-5p和miR-193b-3p也参与对NLRP3的调控[47]。因此,NLRP3炎症小体可调控母胎界面的炎症反应,是RIF发病机制中的关键靶点。

2.5 复发性流产(recurrent spontaneous abortion,RSA)

RSA与ER的关系目前仍存在诸多争议。一方面,多项研究表明,部分RSA患者确实存在ER异常。不明原因的RSA患者在“窗口期”的子宫内膜放射组学评分明显升高[48]。与健康对照女性相比,RSA患者的子宫内膜中αvβ3和LIF等ER关键标志物的表达降低[49]。然而,有研究发现,RSA患者的子宫内膜中LIF和αvβ3等标志物的表达并无明显差异[50-51]。加之RSA病因的高度异质性(胚胎染色体异常仍为主要原因)[52],以及ER评估时效有限。因此,ER的确切作用机制尚未完全阐明。临床评估RSA时,需优先排查胚胎、免疫、凝血及解剖等因素,再结合内膜功能分析。

在部分不明原因RSA女性中,子宫内膜中NLRP3炎症小体(caspase-1、IL-1β)表达增加,其通过释放IL-1β等促炎因子,引发子宫内膜及母胎界面过度炎症,ER减退,影响胚胎着床,最终导致流产[53]。在RSA中,肠道通透性异常及内质网应激也可激活NLRP3,加剧子宫内膜的炎症级联反应[54-55]。释放的大量炎症因子可能直接抑制胚胎滋养层的侵袭或诱导滋养层细胞功能异常,同时阻碍子宫内膜的正常蜕膜化反应,破坏母体—胚胎对话,最终导致早期妊娠丢失。

2.6 多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)

研究表明,与同样接受体外受精—胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)的对照组相比,PCOS患者出现妊娠期并发症和流产的风险更高[56]。因此,PCOS患者的子宫内膜对胚胎植入具有负面作用[57]。ER缺陷是PCOS患者流产的关键因素,可能涉及高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、慢性低度炎症的协同致病作用。高雄激素可上调子宫内膜雄激素受体表达,抑制HOXA10/11、αvβ3、L-selectin配体等的表达,干扰正常的蜕膜化过程[58]。IR导致子宫内膜葡萄糖代谢异常,葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter type 4,GLUT4)转运障碍,使得磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)信号通路障碍影响能量供应[59]。慢性炎症状态表现为促炎细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α等)升高和免疫细胞失衡,晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)-糖基化终末产物受体(receptor of AGEs,RAGE)系统激活,这些因素共同破坏子宫内膜免疫微环境,影响胚胎的免疫耐受[60]。此外,PCOS患者子宫内膜紧密连接蛋白(claudin-4、occludin)表达异常,血管生成障碍,进一步损害ER[61]。

在PCOS中,NLRP3受到TLR4炎症信号通路激活,引发细胞焦亡[62]。PCOS患者子宫内膜腺上皮细胞中LIF表达明显下降,表明NLRP3参与PCOS患者ER缺陷病理过程,需深入研究。

3 靶向NLRP3炎症小体的治疗策略研究

NLRP3炎症小体,不仅参与多种不孕症的病理过程,同样在疾病治疗中发挥重要作用,可能成为潜在的诊疗靶点[63]。一种携带植物雌激素和尿外泌体的透明质酸人工黏液能够增加子宫内膜厚度和ER。从机制上来讲,这种人工黏液可通过雌激素受体/NLRP3/IL-1β信号通路实现雌激素稳态、炎症抑制和内膜再生之间的互作以修复薄型子宫内膜[64]。另外,子宫内膜搔刮可有效增加子宫内膜厚度,改善妊娠结局,其提升种植率和活产率的疗效与宫腔灌注粒细胞集落刺激因子相当[65]。研究证实,子宫内膜搔刮治疗可显著抑制NLRP3等炎症相关基因并上调免疫耐受基因,促进免疫耐受因子产生,从而改善子宫内膜微环境,以提升不明原因RIF等患者的胚胎着床成功率和妊娠结局[66]。在子宫内膜炎的治疗研究中,多种药物(如妇科千金胶囊)[67]、中药活性成分(如葛根素、迷迭香酸和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯)[68-70]等可通过NF-κB等通路间接抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活,达到治疗作用。研究发现,黄体酮通过增强自噬来抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化,降低IL-1β的生成,从而改善子宫内膜异位病灶中的炎症反应[71]。直接靶向抑制NLRP3(如MCC950)可减轻子宫局部炎症,提高ER,改善胚胎着床、黏附与植入,为CE[72]、EMs[73]、AD[32]等开发新型靶向治疗策略提供了重要方向。目前,有研究者通过系统回顾和Meta分析,评估ER检测(tests for ER,TER)指导的个性化胚胎移植(personalized embryo transfer,pET)的临床应用效果。该方法依据多种TER基因集,旨在识别胚胎植入窗口的位移情况。因现有证据质量不高且研究数量有限,结果显示,对于无RIF史的女性,pET并未明显提高活产率,目前不建议在普通ART人群中常规推广TER。该结论证据等级较低,仍需更多高质量研究加以验证。尽管如此,该研究为TER在ART中指导pET的应用提供了潜在方向。而NLRP3炎症小体作为炎症过程中的关键因子,有望成为TER炎症相关基因集中的候选生物标志物,用于ER的精准评估[74]。

4 结语

NLRP3炎症小体反应对宿主是有益的。在子宫内膜中,NLRP3炎症小体若被异常激活或抑制,则会导致炎症微环境失衡和免疫耐受异常,引发ER缺陷和蜕膜化障碍,损害胚胎着床和妊娠维持,最终导致不孕。虽然这一方向已有大量研究成果。但仍存在不足:①NLRP3炎症小体在ER中的具体调控机制尚未完全阐明,现多聚焦于炎症方面,但与性激素、免疫细胞(巨噬细胞极化、NK细胞功能等)协同调控及表观遗传修饰(DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA网络等)的交互作用需进一步探索;②NLRP3炎症小体在植入“窗口期”激活的时空阈值仍不明确,缺乏跨周期、多时间点的动态研究数据;再者,现有研究模型存在明显局限。多数实验依赖啮齿动物模型或体外细胞培养,难以模拟人子宫内膜的复杂微环境,NLRP3炎症小体的精确调控机制认识有限;③NLRP3炎症小体或相关抑制剂(如Dapansutrile、卡那单抗、利纳西普等)在心血管疾病、肿瘤、炎性疾病中已应用于临床[75-77]。在生殖方面,靶向NLRP3的干预策略(如MCC950、中医疗法及中药有效成分等)为不孕症治疗提供了新方向。同时,非编码RNA也为调控NLRP3炎症小体提供了新思路。然而,目前大多数研究仍局限于细胞或动物模型,临床研究与实际转化应用相对不足。因此,针对NLRP3的药物在安全性、特异性及长期疗效方面仍需通过更多临床试验加以验证。未来基础研究中,可借助空间多组学技术和类器官培养系统,更系统地阐明NLRP3炎症小体在ER中的调控机制。在临床转化方面,应致力于开发针对植入“窗口期”的特异性干预方案,并推进相关靶向药物的临床转化应用。NLRP3炎症小体的异常激活是ER缺陷的关键环节之一。未来对相关不孕症患者的评估,可结合其子宫内膜局部炎症状态进行分析。通过检测内膜组织或体液中的NLRP3、IL-1β等水平,有助于鉴别出因过度炎症导致ER下降的患者亚群,为实施更有针对性的抗炎干预提供依据。此外,面对不孕症女性患者的生育需求,应重点关注长期药物干预对胚胎发育、妊娠结局及子代健康的潜在影响,为ER缺陷相关不孕症的治疗提供更可靠的循证依据。上述研究有望为改善ER缺陷相关不孕症患者的生育结局提供新的突破口。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82260948)

梁瑞宁全国名老中医药专家传承工作室(国中医药人教函(2022)75号)

江西省中医月经病临床研究基地(赣中医药科教字(2020)6号)

江西中医药大学创新团队发展计划资助项目(CXTD22013)

江西省科技厅“揭榜挂帅”资助项目(20223BBG71012)

江西省中医女性生殖健康及相关疾病研究与转化重点实验室资助项目(2024SSY06311)

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