ADT辅助治疗Gleason高危患者术前后PSA相关性分析

罗宇成 ,  吴迪 ,  王振楠 ,  杨雷 ,  汤召兵

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (04) : 581 -586.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (04) : 581 -586. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004063
临床研究

ADT辅助治疗Gleason高危患者术前后PSA相关性分析

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Correlation between the preoperative and postoperative levels of prostate-specific antigen in patients with high-risk Gleason scores undergoing adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy

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摘要

目的 探讨Gleason高危评分前列腺癌患者根治术后辅助雄激素剥夺治疗(androgen deprivation therapy,ADT)总前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate-specific antigen,TPSA,以下称PSA)变化情况与术前PSA的相关性,并构建风险预测模型,为临床治疗提供参考。 方法 收集重庆医科大学附属第一医院2020年至2023年行前列腺癌根治术且符合以下条件的Gleason高危评分患者142例:未接受新辅助治疗、术后Gleason评分≥4+3分、术后分期≤T2cN0M0、标本切缘无癌累及、规律行ADT治疗、术后PSA谷值<0.2 ng/mL等条件的共142例Gleason高危评分患者。通过Rsoftware4.0.1软件进行数据处理,采用单因素COX回归分析术前PSA与术后PSA异常升高的相关性,以不同PSA分界值绘制卡普兰-迈耶(Kaplan-Meier,KM)曲线,Log-rank检验分析组间差异,检验水准α=0.05。 结果 142例患者中,术后2年内出现PSA异常升高60例(42.25%),未出现异常升高82例(57.75%)。COX回归分析显示,术前PSA与术后PSA异常升高明显相关:以20 ng/mL为分界点时,风险比(hazard ratio,HR)为1.670[95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)=1.006~2.774,P=0.047];以中位数17.755 ng/mL为分界点时,HR为2.034(95%CI=1.202~3.442,P=0.008);三分组(<10、10~20、>20 ng/mL)中,>20 ng/mL组HR为2.176(95%CI=1.082~4.506,P=0.030),而10~20 ng/mL组差异无统计学意义(P=0.235)。KM曲线显示,单一PSA分界值下各组累计无PSA异常升高比例差异有统计学意义,多分界点曲线预测趋势更明显,但其组间统计学差异有限。 结论 术前PSA水平是Gleason高危前列腺癌患者根治术后2年内PSA异常升高的有效预测指标。其中,以术前PSA中位数(17.755 ng/mL)为分界点的预测效能最优,明显优于传统20 ng/mL界值;三分组分析显示10~20 ng/mL区间为术后PSA异常升高的风险过渡区间,单一PSA指标难以有效分层。多分界点虽能更细致呈现风险梯度、提升早期趋势预测价值,但受样本量限制未形成明显统计学分层。临床实践中,结合术前前列腺增强磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、病理分级等多模态指标可进一步优化风险评估精度,为新辅助治疗决策、个性化随访频率制定及早期方案调整提供关键参考,尤其对术前PSA高于中位数的高风险人群,应强化术后2年内的随访与干预。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the change in prostate-specific antigen(PSA) after surgery and its correlation with preoperative PSA level in prostate cancer patients with high-risk Gleason scores undergoing adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy(ADT) after radical prostatectomy,to establish a risk prediction model,and to provide a reference for clinical treatment. Methods Clinical data were collected from 142 patients with high-risk Gleason scores who underwent radical prostatectomy in The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2020 to 2023 and met the criteria of not receiving neoadjuvant therapy,a postoperative Gleason score of ≥4+3,a postoperative stage of ≤T2cN0M0,absence of cancer involvement at the surgical margins,regular postoperative ADT sessions,and a valley value of <0.2 ng/mL for PSA after surgery. R software 4.0.1 was used for data processing,and a univariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between preoperative PSA and the abnormal increase in PSA after surgery. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves were plotted based on the different cut-off values of PSA,and the log-rank test was used for comparison between groups at a significance level of α=0.05. Results Among the 142 patients,60(42.25%) had an abnormal increase in PSA within 2 years after surgery,and 82(57.75%) did not experience the abnormal increase in PSA. The Cox regression analysis showed that preoperative PSA was significantly correlated with the abnormal increase in PSA after surgery,with a hazard ratio(HR) of 1.670(95%CI=1.006-2.774,P=0.047) at the cut-off value of 20 ng/mL and an HR value of 2.034 (95%CI=1.202-3.442,P=0.008) at the cut-off value of 17.755 ng/mL(the median value),and the analysis of the three groups(<10,10-20,and >20 ng/mL) showed that the >20 ng/mL group had an HR value of 2.176(95%CI=1.082-4.506,P=0.030),while the 10-20 ng/mL group showed no significant difference(P=0.235). The KM curve analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the cumulative proportion of patients without abnormal increase in PSA between groups under a single cut-off value of PSA;although the multi-cutoff curves had a more significant predictive trend,they showed a limited statistical difference between groups. Conclusion Preoperative PSA level is an effective predictive indicator for abnormal increase in PSA within 2 years after radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk prostate cancer based on Gleason score. The median value of PSA before surgery (17.755 ng/mL) has the best predictive efficacy as the cut-off value and is significantly superior to the traditional cut-off value of 20 ng/mL. The analysis of the three groups shows that the 10-20 ng/mL range is a risk transition interval for abnormal increase in PSA after surgery,and a single PSA indicator fails to achieve effective stratification. Although multi-cutoff values can present the risk gradient in greater detail and improve the value of early trend prediction,no significant statistical stratification has been formed due to the limited sample size. In clinical practice,combining multi-modal indicators such as preoperative contrast-enhanced prostate MRI and pathological grading can further enhance the accuracy of risk assessment,thereby providing key references for decision making associated with neoadjuvant therapy,formulation of individualized follow-up frequency,and adjustments of early treatment regimens. Follow-up and intervention within 2 years after surgery should be strengthened for high-risk populations with preoperative PSA higher than the median.

Graphical abstract

关键词

前列腺肿瘤 / 根治性前列腺切除术 / 前列腺特异性抗原 / 局部肿瘤复发 / COX回归分析 / Kaplan-Meier曲线

Key words

prostatic neoplasms / radical prostatectomy / prostate-specific antigen / local neoplasm recurrence / Cox regression analysis / Kaplan-Meier curve

引用本文

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罗宇成,吴迪,王振楠,杨雷,汤召兵. ADT辅助治疗Gleason高危患者术前后PSA相关性分析[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(04): 581-586 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004063

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前列腺癌是男性最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是西方人群中癌症相关死亡的第二大原因[1-2]。虽然诊断为局限型前列腺癌的患者5年生存率较高,但转移性前列腺癌的中位总生存期(overall survival,OS)仅为3~5年[3]。2022年全球前列腺癌新发病例147万,居男性新发癌症第2位(14.2%),死亡病例为40万,占男性癌症死亡人数的第4位(7.3%)。临床常以术前总前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate-specific antigen,TPSA,PSA)>20 ng/mL、Gleason评分≥4+3、临床分期≥T2c作为前列腺癌低中危与高危的区分标准,符合任一项即可诊断为高危前列腺癌。既往研究指出,相较于中低危前列腺癌患者,高危患者于根治术后发生生化复发(biochemical recurrence,BR)的时间明显短于前者[4],可能与其更高的侵袭性及血管淋巴管浸润能力有关,是术后PSA异常升高的核心预测因素[5]。因此术后对于高危前列腺癌患者,临床常辅以雄激素剥夺治疗(androgen deprivation therapy,ADT)治疗,并于术后定期复查PSA,若出现PSA异常升高,则加用新型口服内分泌治疗药物或联合多西他赛化疗,以延缓病情进展,明显提高患者生存率[6-11]。研究表明,患者术后2年内出现BR风险最高,此后风险趋于稳定[12-16],且指南在前列腺根治治疗后的随访建议中也建议2年内每3个月定期随访PSA,2年后逐渐降低随访频率[817]。当术后PSA出现异常升高时,往往提示需调整当前治疗方案。
本研究旨在以COX回归分析Gleason评分≥4+3前列腺癌患者术前PSA结果与患者前列腺癌术后随访PSA异常升高的相关性,同时将术前PSA与术后PSA异常升高时间结合,绘制卡普兰-迈耶(Kaplan-Meier,KM)曲线,根据曲线在某段时间内明显的变化趋势,预测患者术后出现PSA异常升高的具体时间节点,为临床尽早调整治疗方案、术前新辅助治疗决策提供参考。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

通过医院信息系统(hospital information system,HIS)系统,收集本院2020年至2023年行前列腺癌根治术后患者术前最近PSA值、术后病检结果:包括Gleason评分、世界卫生组织/国际泌尿病理学会(World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology grade,WHO/ISUP)评分、术后2年内复查PSA值纳入标准:未接受新辅助治疗、术后Gleason评分≥4+3分、术后分期≤T2cN0M0、规律行ADT、切缘阴性、术后PSA谷值<0.2 ng/mL。本研究的主要研究终点为“PSA异常升高”。其定义为:在术后规律进行辅助ADT治疗期间,血清PSA值连续两次检测>0.2 ng/mL,且第二次检测值高于第一次(呈上升趋势)。将满足该条件的第二次检测时间点定义为“PSA异常升高时间点”(因本研究所有入选病例术后均采用ADT治疗,为增强本研究严谨性,故对传统BR定义进一步限定,做出以上定义)。共纳入142例,其中术后2年内未出现PSA异常升高共82例,异常升高60例。

1.2 统计学方法

通过Rsoftware4.0.1分析数据,根据PSA分界值对样本进行分组,采用Log-rank检验对不同分组PSA异常升高情况进行单因素分析,构建COX回归模型,根据影响因素绘制Kaplan-Meier曲线(下称KM曲线),检验水准α=0.05。术前TPSA及术后PSA异常升高时间节点(周)为计量资料,经检验均呈偏态分布,采用中位数(M)及四分位数MdP25P75)进行描述;术后Gleason评分、WHO/ISUP分级、术后PSA异常升高发生情况为计数资料,采用频数(n)及构成比/发生率(%)进行描述;以“术后PSA异常升高”为终点事件,以“术后随访时间(周)”为生存时间,采用单因素COX比例风险回归模型分析术前PSA与术后PSA异常升高的相关性,计算风险比(HR)及95%置信区间(95%CI);根据不同术前PSA分界值对研究对象进行分组,绘制KM曲线,采用Log-rank检验比较各组间无事件生存率的差异。

2 结果

2.1 结果比较

Cox回归分析结果显示,术前PSA值与患者术后是否出现PSA异常升高相关,其中以中位数PSA(17.755 ng/mL)为分界点的评估变量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1图1

2.2 KM曲线

根据表1中各术前PSA各分界点与术后PSA异常升高的相关性,绘制KM曲线,其中累计比例指未发生阳性事件,即前列腺癌术后未发生PSA异常升高的比例与时间的关系。见图2~4

3 讨论

3.1 结果分析

3.1.1 术前PSA分界值的预测效能差异

单因素COX回归分析结果显示,术前PSA水平与Gleason高危前列腺癌患者根治术后PSA异常升高风险明显相关,但不同分界值的预测效能存在明显差异。以中位数17.755 ng/mL为分界点时,HR值达2.034(95%CI=1.202~3.442,P=0.008),其统计学显著性最优,提示该分界值对术后PSA异常升高的预测价值高于传统的20 ng/mL界值[1318-19]。这一结果与临床常规认知存在差异——传统将20 ng/mL作为高危前列腺癌的分层标准之一,但本研究中该界值对应的HR为1.670(95%CI=1.006~2.774,P=0.047),虽仍具有统计学意义,但P值更接近0.05,预测的稳定性稍弱。同时,以中位数为分界值分组的差异有统计学意义差异统计学意义明显,但其HR95%CI较宽,提示存在一定不确定性,可能与样本量较小有关。

三分组分析(<10、10~20、>20 ng/mL)进一步揭示了PSA水平与预后的关系:仅>20 ng/mL组与<10 ng/mL组相比差异有统计学意义(HR=2.208,95%CI=1.082~4.506,P=0.030)[20-21],而10~20 ng/mL组与<10 ng/mL组差异无统计学意义(P=0.235)。这表明10~20 ng/mL区间可能是术后PSA异常升高风险的“过渡区间”,该区间内患者的肿瘤生物学行为相对异质,单一PSA指标难以有效区分风险等级。综合森林图(图1)直观呈现了各分界值的HR及95%CI分布,中位数分界点的置信区间更窄且远离1,进一步验证了其预测的准确性。

3.1.2 KM曲线的时间趋势预测价值

不同分界值对应的KM曲线从时间维度补充了术后PSA异常升高风险的预测信息。以中位数17.755 ng/mL为分界点的KM曲线显示,2组患者的累计无PSA异常升高比例在术后早期(约20周)即出现明显分离,且随时间推移差距持续扩大,Log-rank检验结果显示组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.007),提示该分界值不仅能有效区分风险高低,还能较早识别出高风险人群。

相比之下,以20 ng/mL为分界点的KM曲线(虽在术后远期(80周后)呈现差异有统计学意义(P=0.049),但早期(0~40周)曲线重叠度较高,难以快速筛选出急需干预的患者。而三分组KM曲线则表现出独特的趋势特征:>20 ng/mL组的累计无异常比例下降最快,<10 ng/mL组下降最慢,10~20 ng/mL组介于两者之间,但3组间整体差异无统计学意义(P=0.084)。这一结果与COX回归分析一致,即多分界点虽能更细致地展示风险梯度,但受样本量限制,未能形成统计学意义上的明显分层,其价值更多体现在趋势性预测而非精准风险划分。

值得注意的是,所有KM曲线均显示术后2年内是PSA异常升高的高发期,尤其是术后0~60周,曲线下降斜率最为陡峭,这与既往研究提出的“术后2年为PSA异常升高高风险窗口”[8-913-14]的结论相符。其中,中位数分界点曲线在该高风险窗口内的区分能力最强,能为临床早期干预提供明确的时间节点参考,而传统20 ng/mL界值曲线在该窗口内的指导价值有限。对于术前PSA处于10~20 ng/mL的患者可能需要引入其他随访指标,以更准确地判断术后PSA异常升高的风险窗口。以上针对不同术前PSA水平患者的随访策略为当前指南中高危患者术后随访频率和干预时机的制定提供了支持与补充。

3.2 临床意义与研究局限

3.2.1 临床实践指导价值

本研究结果为高危前列腺癌患者的术后治疗方案及时调整提供了重要参考:首先,术前PSA中位数可作为更优的风险预测指标,对于术前PSA高于中位数(17.755 ng/mL)的患者,应视为术后PSA异常升高的高风险人群,建议在术后2年内加密随访频率,并提前做好挽救性治疗的准备;其次,多分界点曲线提示的风险梯度可辅助个性化随访策略制定,对于>20 ng/mL的极高风险患者,可考虑在术后早期联合新型内分泌治疗或化疗,以延缓PSA异常升高进程;而10~20 ng/mL的过渡风险人群,则需结合其他指标进一步分层,可参考PSA灰区(4~10 ng/mL)患者的随访策略,引入PSA动力学指标,如PSA速率(PSA velocity,PSAV)、PSA倍增时间(PSA doubling time,PSADT)、PSA密度(PSA density,PSAD)等指标。

此外,研究结果也对术前新辅助治疗的选择具有参考价值。对于术前PSA高于中位数的高危患者,新辅助治疗可能有助于降低术后PSA异常升高风险,改善预后[91416]。结合既往研究提出的“术前PSA联合前列腺增强MRI可提高预测准确性”的观点[811],未来临床工作中可整合多模态指标,构建更全面的风险预测模型,进一步提升分层精度。

3.2.2 研究局限与未来方向

本研究存在以下局限:第一,因本次研究为单中心研究,且随访时间较短,样本量相对有限(142例),可能影响多分界点分析的统计学效力,导致三分组未能形成明显分层。未来需扩大样本量、开展多中心研究,验证固定的最优分界值[9111419];第二,为控制混杂因素,纳入标准严格限制了切缘状态、临床病理分期等指标,且因为高危前列腺癌评价标准较多,本文章为控制变量,仅讨论了以Gleason评分为标准的高危患者,限制了如肿瘤-淋巴结-远处转移分期系统(tumor-node-metastasis staging system,TNM)分期等其他评价标准,可能导致结果外推性受限,后续可开展多因素分析,纳入更多临床指标;第三,未探讨PSA动态变化(如术前PSA增长率)的预测价值,而动态指标可能比静态数值更能反映肿瘤侵袭性;第四,随访时间仅为2年,未能评估长期预后(如OS、去势抵抗性前列腺癌转化率),需延长随访时间以完善结果。

未来研究可从以下方向推进:一是扩大样本量,探索适用于不同人群的PSA统一分界值;二是整合术前增强MRI、WHO/ISUP评分、PSA密度等指标,构建多因素预测模型,提升风险分层的准确性;三是开展前瞻性研究,验证基于本研究结果的干预策略(如早期加密随访、提前挽救治疗)对患者预后的改善效果;四是探索无创生物标志物[如循环肿瘤细胞、微小核糖核酸(ribonucleic acid,RNA)]与术前PSA的联合预测价值,为临床提供更便捷、高效的风险评估工具[821]

3.3 总结

本研究通过COX回归分析与KM曲线验证,明确了术前PSA水平对Gleason高危前列腺癌患者根治术后PSA异常升高的预测价值,其中以术前PSA中位数为分界点的预测效能最优,多分界点则更利于展示风险趋势。术后2年内的高风险窗口内,中位数分界点能有效筛选出高风险患者,为临床早期干预和个体化随访提供关键参考,但中位数作为动态指标,随样本不同而变化,本研究推测对于不同样本可能存在除10、20以外其他固定分界值,其具有更好的评估价值。未来需结合多中心大样本数据与多模态指标,进一步完善风险预测体系,优化高危前列腺癌的术后管理策略,最终改善患者生存结局。

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