超临界流体换热可视化实验研究进展

Progress in Visualization Experimental Studies on Heat Transfer of Supercritical Fluids

摘要

超临界流体在临界点附近物性剧烈变化，其流动与换热机理复杂，对能源、化工等领域的高效系统设计具有重要意义。该文系统综述了超临界流体对流换热可视化实验方法的研究进展，重点分析了粒子图像测速、纹影法、激光多普勒测速、干涉法、中子成像及非弹性X射线散射等技术的原理、应用与局限性。研究表明：中子成像/非弹性X射线散射等技术可捕捉超临界流体在拟临界区类液-类气态共存的多相特征；粒子图像测速与激光多普勒测速能够提供高分辨率速度场，但在物性突变条件下受折射率畸变、示踪粒子跟随性差等因素制约，导致测量精度受限；纹影法可实现密度场、温度场的定性观测，与其他技术集成则有望实现速度场的定量测量；干涉法可获得高时空分辨率的局部温度与密度场定量数据，是研究超临界流体换热机理的有效手段。未来应发展高精度、抗干扰的可视化方法，结合深度学习提升图像畸变校正能力，推动多模式集成测试技术的创新，并加强实验与数值模拟的协同，以深入揭示超临界流动换热的内在机理。

Abstract

Near the critical point, supercritical fluids exhibit dramatic variations in physical properties, leading to complex flow and heat transfer behaviors essential for energy and chemical system design. Recent experimental advances in flow visualization for supercritical convective heat transfer are systematically reviewed. The principles, applications, and limitations of key techniques including particle image velocimetry (PIV), schlieren imaging, laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), interferometry, neutron imaging, and inelastic X-ray scattering are emphatically analyzed. Research results show that neutron imaging and inelastic X-ray scattering can capture the multiphase-like features of liquid-like and gas-like coexistence in the pseudo-critical region. Although PIV and LDV provide high-resolution velocity data, their accuracy is limited under sharp property gradients due to refractive index distortions and poor tracer particle responsiveness. Schlieren imaging is found to provide qualitative density and temperature field visualization, and its potential for quantitative velocity measurements can be realized when combined with other methods. Interferometry enables quantitative, high-spatiotemporal-resolution measurements of local temperature and density, proving effective for probing heat transfer mechanisms. Future work should prioritize the development of interference-resistant, high-precision visualization techniques, the improvement of distortion correction via deep learning, the advancement of multimodal integration, and the strengthening of experiment-simulation synergies to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of supercritical flow and heat transfer.

关键词

超临界流体 / 对流换热 / 可视化 / 物性突变

Key words

supercritical fluid / convective heat transfer / visualization / sharp thermophysical property variation

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划资助项目(2024YFB3813602)