小型高速氖气离心压缩机设计与性能优化研究

Design and Performance Optimization of a Small High-Speed Neon Centrifugal Compressor

摘要

针对低温逆布雷顿制冷系统高效紧凑化发展对氖气高速离心压缩机性能提升的迫切需求，开展了氖气高速离心压缩机的设计与性能优化研究。采用三维黏性计算流体动力学与熵产率分析方法，对压缩机流道进行数值仿真与损失分析，并利用实验测试了压缩机性能。在此基础上，对子午面型线、叶片型线采用遗传算法进行优化，并分析了叶片前缘倾角及叶顶间隙参数变化的影响因素。研究结果表明：所建立的压缩机模型计算结果与实验结果基本一致，压比和等熵效率的最大偏差分别为1.3%和2.4%。氖气压缩机效率较低的主要原因是叶顶间隙引起的泄漏涡及其与主流掺混所形成的涡流。熵产率分析显示，叶轮通道顶层的熵产占叶轮总熵产的55.1%。优化叶型通过减小流道长度、降低叶片顶部表面压力差实现效率提升，最终使得氖气压缩机的等熵效率达到75.4%，较初始设计提升了4.9%。

Abstract

To meet the urgent demand for improved performance of compact high-speed neon centrifugal compressors in cryogenic reverse-Brayton refrigeration systems,the design and performance optimization of a high-speed neon centrifugal compressor are investigated.Numerical simulation and loss analysis of the compressor flow passage are performed using three-dimensional viscous computational fluid dynamics and entropy-generation-rate analysis,and the compressor performance is experimentally tested.On this basis,the meridional profile and blade profile are optimized using a genetic algorithm,and the effects of the blade leading-edge inclination angle and tip clearance are analyzed.The results show that the calculated results of the compressor model are generally consistent with the experimental results,with maximum deviations of 1.3% and 2.4% in pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency,respectively.The relatively low efficiency of the neon compressor is mainly caused by tip-clearance leakage vortices and the vortical structures formed by their mixing with the mainstream.Entropy-generation-rate analysis shows that the shroud-side region of the impeller passage accounts for 55.1% of the total entropy generation in the impeller.Efficiency is improved by the optimized blade profile through shortening the flow passage and reducing the surface pressure difference at the blade tip.The isentropic efficiency of the neon compressor ultimately reaches 75.4%,representing an increase of 4.9 percentage points over the initial design.

关键词

氖气压缩机 / 高速离心压缩机 / 逆布雷顿制冷系统 / 性能优化 / 熵产

Key words

neon compressor / high-speed centrifugal compressor / reverse-Brayton refrigeration system / performance optimization / entropy generation

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52406028)

航天器热控全国重点实验室开放基金项目(NKLST-JJ-202401014)