高矿化度及高悬浮物矿井水处理技术现状

Current Status of Mine Water Treatment Technology With High Salinity and High Suspended Solids

摘要

煤炭是我国重要的能源,在其开采作业中,会伴随产生大量富含煤粉、岩粉等杂质的矿井水,而且离子浓度较高,若不经处理直接排放会导致严重的水环境污染。根据污染物特点,矿井水可分为含悬浮物矿井水、高矿化度矿井水、洁净矿井水、含特殊物质矿井水和酸性矿井水五大类。我国大多数矿井水属于含悬浮物和高矿化度矿井水,随着矿井水的排放标准日益严格,对这2类矿井水进行高效率、低能耗的去除技术成为研究热点。针对含悬浮物矿井水,传统处理工艺成熟且成本低廉,但存在占地面积大、运行成本高等缺点。新兴技术如重介质速沉技术、磁分离技术等具有占地面积小、处理效率高等优势,但各自存在如介质回收、磁种质量不稳定等挑战。对于高矿化度矿井水,化学药剂法通过投药形成沉淀去除离子,但存在投药量大和二次污染风险。离子交换法去除离子种类多,但再生过程复杂且易受污染。膜分离法中的反渗透、纳滤和电渗析因出水水质好而广泛应用,但易堵塞、成本高的问题亟须解决。热力法如蒸馏法和冷冻法,在特定条件下具有可回收资源或简化设备的优势,但能耗和成本较高。该文重点综述了含悬浮物矿井水和高矿化度矿井水的处理技术现状、工艺优缺点及适用条件等,以期为矿井水的高效处理和循环利用提供技术参考。

Abstract

Coal is a significant energy source in China, and its mining operations generate substantial amounts of water laden with coal dust, rock dust, and various impurities. The ion concentration in this water is also elevated; if not treated properly before discharge, it can lead to severe water pollution. Based on the pollutants characteristics, mine water can be classified into five categories: suspended solids mine water, high-mineralization mine water, clean mine water, mine water containing special substances, and acid mine water. Most of the mine waters in China fall under the categories of suspended solids and high-mineralization mine waters types. As discharge standards for these types of mine waters become increasingly stringent, research on efficient removal technologies that consume low energy has gained prominence. For suspended solids mine waters, traditional treatment methods are well-established and cost-effective; however, they suffer from extensive land use and high operational costs. Emerging technologies like heavy medium speed sedimentation technology and magnetic separation technology offer advantages including reduced land requirements and enhanced treatment efficiency but face challenges in medium recovery and inconsistent quality of magnetic seeds. For high-mineralization mine waters, chemical agents are used to form precipitates to remove ions, but risks excessive dosage and secondary pollution. Ion exchange removes diverse ions, but the regeneration process is complex and easily contaminated. Membrane separation technologies such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and electrodialysis are widely used for their effluent water quality, but the problems of easy blockage and high cost need to be solved. Thermal methods such as distillation and freezing have the advantage of resource recovery or simplified equipment under specific conditions, but high energy consumption and cost. This paper reviews treatment technologies for suspended solids mine waters and high-mineralization mine waters, the advantages and disadvantages of various processes, and the conditions of application, with the aim of providing technical references for the efficient treatment and recycling of mine waters.

关键词

含悬浮物矿井水 / 高矿化度矿井水 / 水处理技术 / 矿井水 / 无害化处理 / 循环利用

Key words

mine water containing suspended solids / mine water with high mineralization / water treatment technology / mine water / non-hazardous treatment / circular utilization

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基金资助

国家自然科学青年基金资助项目(52100022)