Accurate sound field recording serves as a fundamental prerequisite for spatial audio applications such as sound field analysis,control,and reproduction. For directionally biased sound fields commonly encountered in practice,modal decomposition based on optimal basis functions has proven to be an efficient representation approach; however,existing implementations typically rely on independent measurements using a single microphone array,which provides limited spatial information and is susceptible to noise. To address this issue,this study incorporates multi⁃point measurement into the optimal modal decomposition framework and proposes a distributed collaborative recording method for directionally biased sound fields. By constructing a sound field decomposition transfer matrix under multi⁃point constraints using the addition theorem of spherical wave functions,joint estimation of modal decomposition coefficients is achieved. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements demonstrate that,compared with single⁃point strategies or methods using spherical harmonic bases,the proposed method significantly reduces the relative error of reconstructed sound pressure over both the effective frequency range and the entire target listening area,thereby improving recording performance for directionally biased sound fields.
基于球谐基函数的声场测量与记录技术通常默认目标声场是“各向同性”分布的,即入射声波等概率地来自空间不同方向.然而,大部分实际的声学环境往往表现出显著的方向偏向性,入射声波更可能从相对于听众的特定方位传来.以剧院、电影院、报告厅、教室等典型环境为例,绝大部分声波均从听众前方到达听音位置,直达声与早期反射能量在统计意义上明显向听众前方偏置.利用这类声场方向偏向的统计特征,有研究尝试使用与目标声场方向分布更加契合的基函数替代标准球谐函数,通过混合阶Ambisonics[17]、椭球型Ambisonics[18]、球扇谐函数(Spherical Sector Harmonics)[19]、Slepian函数[20]等特殊基函数完成了更加高效、准确的声场模式分解.在此基础上,Gao et al[21]建立了一套最优模式分解的技术框架,可针对任意定向偏置声场定制构造适配其方向偏向特征的最优模式分解基函数,并求解出对应的系数以表征声场,显著提升了声场记录的准确性.
上述方法在理论上取得了大量的进展,但在实际测量应用时,大多数方法仍依赖单一位置布置的传声器阵列,即使在空间多点进行测量,不同测量点间的数据也往往被独立处理,没有充分利用声场的空间相关性,在一定程度上限制了声场记录的准确性.针对这一局限,Fernandez⁃Grande[22]在同一等效声源模型下对不同位置球形传声器阵列的测量数据进行向量拼接,联合反演出大尺寸声源的等效强度.Samarasinghe et al[23-24]在目标空间的多个测量点使用分布式传声器阵列采集声场,结合球面波函数的数学特性扩展了HOA信号的截断阶次.Fahim et al[25]在此基础上使用分布式高阶传声器阵列在球谐域中实现了目标声源与噪声的线性分离.然而,这些多点协同记录方法仍主要基于球谐基函数展开,没有充分利用针对定向偏置声场设计的方向性基函数的高效表征能力.
现有方法通常采用球谐基函数进行模式分解,但该类方法隐含声场在各个方向上近似“各向同性”的假设,不适用于具有方向偏向性的声场记录场景.事实上,在多数实际应用场景中,不同入射方向声波的分布概率以及它们对听众听感的贡献均存在显著差异.针对这类定向偏置声场,Gao et al[21]提出一种利用声场方向偏向先验信息构造最优模式分解基函数的方法,该方法对应的优化问题可以表示为:
真实声场由八只扬声器共同激励形成,其直达声在听音区域内占主导地位.为了便于建模与分析,将该声场的主导传播分量近似表示为八列平面波的叠加,其中每列平面波的入射方向对应于各扬声器的空间方位,振幅对应于各扬声器在全局原点处辐射声压的实测幅值.该声场在统计意义上与仿真部分所设定的“前向占优”定向偏置声场特性一致.因此,计算最优模式分解编码矩阵时所需的声场先验信息,即平面波复振幅协方差和权函数,也与仿真部分保持一致.在当前声学环境中实际测量得到的信噪比约为22.9 dB,考虑到编码所用信噪比应小于等于实际信噪比,而实际环境中还存在部分较为复杂、尚未被建模的其他干扰噪声,因此在计算编码矩阵时信噪比被设置为20 dB.计算频率的采样间隔为20 Hz.
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