Efficient detection of ethylene oxide (C2H4O, EO) is essential for environmental protection. In this paper, the adsorption and gas-sensing properties of 2H- and 1T-CrS2 monolayers doped with transition metals (V, Ti, and Y) are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations show that the pristine CrS2 monolayer is chemically inert toward EO, whereas doping with transition metals significantly enhances its adsorption capacity for EO. After EO adsorption, the magnetic moment and carrier concentration of the material experience varying degrees of alteration. Notably, the V-doped 2H-phase CrS2 exhibits outstanding performance, characterized by an adsorption energy of -1.40 eV for EO, a significant change in magnetic moment upon EO adsorption (), a millisecond-level recovery time at elevated temperatures, and excellent gas selectivity. These attributes render V-doped 2H-CrS2 a promising candidate for high-performance EO gas sensors. The enhanced adsorption properties and magnetic response characteristics of metal-doped CrS2 highlight its potential applications in gas sensing technologies.
2H相与1T相CrS2的电子结构如图2a、b所示,2H相CrS2的带隙宽度为0.92 eV,价带顶与导带底均位于K点,属于直接带隙半导体。反观图2d、e的1T相CrS2电子能带结构,费米能级附近出现价带与导带相互重叠的现象,表明其具有金属导电特性。图2c、f的总态密度(Total Density of States,TDOS)分析结果显示,2H相CrS2的自旋向上态与自旋向下态呈对称分布,证实其为非磁性材料;而1T相CrS2的自旋向上与自旋向下电子态呈现显著不对称分布特征,自旋磁矩无法完全抵消,使材料表现出磁性金属特性,这一特征与大多数二维过渡金属硫族化合物存在差异。本文所得CrS₂电子结构与磁学性质规律与Habib等[31]及Ding等[48]的研究结果一致。
图6展示了金属原子掺杂2H相和1T相CrS2体系的TDOS与投影态密度(Projected density of states,PDOS)。磁调制效应主要受掺杂原子与Cr原子间的交换相互作用调控。PDOS分析结果显示,S-3p、Cr-3d轨道与掺杂原子d轨道在相同能级处出现重叠峰,表明CrS2与掺杂原子间存在轨道杂化。相同掺杂原子在2H相和1T相CrS2中的能级杂化模式保持一致,但在费米能级附近,1T相掺杂原子的d轨道占据数更高,尤其在与Cr-3d轨道耦合的能态中,这种高占据特性可能是1T相掺杂体系结合能更强的原因之一。相较于图2所示的未掺杂体系TDOS,2H相CrS2掺杂后费米能级处的电子占据数增加,提升了整个体系的电子活性,这是掺杂导致带隙窄化的关键因素之一;同时,原本上下对称的电子态分布被打破,态密度呈现明显不对称性,表明体系磁性得到增强。相反,1T相CrS2的TDOS未发生明显变化,但整体能级向低能区偏移,说明其自旋不对称性与磁性得以保留。上述改性结果表明,过渡金属掺杂可有效调控CrS2的导电性与磁学行为。掺杂体系中自旋极化现象的出现,引发了磁电阻效应,即磁矩的变化会影响材料的电阻率。这一特性充分印证了改性CrS₂体系作为磁传感器敏感元件的应用潜力。综上,过渡金属原子掺杂可实现对CrS2电子结构与磁学性能的高效调控。
为进一步分析掺杂体系成键作用,本研究对1T相的不同掺杂吸附体系进行了晶体轨道哈密顿布居(Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population,COHP)分析。COHP可有效分析化学键的成键特征与键合强度,而积分晶体轨道哈密顿布居(Integrated Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population,ICOHP)则能定量表征电子对成键的贡献程度。ICOHP值越负表明化学键越强。ICOHP(Ti—O)=-1.41<ICOHP(V—O)=-0.56<ICOHP(Y—O)=-0.002,与吸附能顺序一致,表明电荷转移和轨道耦合强度是影响化学吸附的重要因素。
Szary等[57-58]指出,气体吸附引发的载流子浓度变化是决定气敏性能的关键因素。本文通过计算不同气体分子吸附后的载流子浓度变化,评估了二维CrS2的气敏潜力。需注意的是,化学吸附过程中吉布斯自由能不能直接近似为吸附能,还需考虑熵变效应。计算中设定压力为10-6 bar(1 bar=105 Pa),所有分析气体浓度统一为1×10-6,温度为298.15 K,玻尔兹曼常数取8.617×10-5 eV/K。各气体的具体热力学参数详见表5,其中气相标准摩尔熵()数据来源于美国国家标准与技术研究院化学参考数据库(The National Institute of Standards and Technology's Chemical Reference Data, SRD 69)。从表中可以看出,EO分子的吸附行为最为显著,覆盖度接近1,且载流子浓度变化量最大(1.09×1013e/cm2),表明其在所有研究气体中具有最强的气敏响应。经气相熵校正后的Langmuir吸附模型可有效区分不同气体的吸附强度与响应程度:EO表现出强吸附特性,SO2的覆盖度相对较高(≈0.43,≈6.8×1012e/cm2),CH2O(≈0.15, ≈1.85×1011e/cm2)与CO(≈3.6×10-3, ≈1.81×1011e/cm2)表现出中等强度响应,而HS、H2O与O2在1×10-6浓度下的覆盖度可忽略不计。
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