电弧增材制备的304L/TC4梯度材料组织性能分析

Analysis of the Microstructure and Properties of the 304L/TC4 Gradient Material Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

摘要

不锈钢与钛合金作为典型工程材料,在航空航天、化工、电力、核能及海洋装备等领域应用广泛．二者制备的梯度材料兼具多种优异性能,但目前电弧增材制造(WAAM)技术制备不锈钢/钛合金梯度材料的强度尤其是拉伸强度较低．为此,利用丝材电弧增材制造技术制备以IN625为中间材料的304L/TC4梯度材料,并在IN625/TC4过渡区域引入少量Nb元素控制相组成,系统研究其微观组织、元素分布及力学性能．结果显示：以IN625为中间材料可以成功制备304L/TC4梯度材料,在304L/IN625侧,随着材料成分的变化,相组成由γ-Fe＋α-Fe逐渐转变为γ-Ni,在IN625/TC4侧,由于Ti-Ni互溶性差,各区域材料的相结构依次为γ-Ni→γ-Ni＋TiNi₃＋(Cr,Mo)＋Laves→TiNi＋TiNi₃(短棒状)＋(Cr,Mo)→TiNi＋TiNi₃(网状)＋(Cr,Mo)→TiNi＋Ti₂Ni＋(Cr,Mo)→β-Ti＋Ti₂Ni→β-Ti＋Ti₂Ni＋α-Ti→β-Ti＋α-Ti；梯度材料由304L至TC4显微硬度整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在40%TC4熔敷层硬度达最大值812HV_0.5,归因于该熔敷层大量网状TiNi₃相及TiNi₃＋(Cr,Mo)相的形成；梯度材料平均抗拉强度为201 MPa,平均伸长率为1.9%,断裂方式为脆性断裂,断裂于首层100%TC4熔敷层,该层主要相组成为β-Ti＋Ti₂Ni．本研究提出了通过电弧增材制造技术制备以IN625为中间材料的304L/TC4梯度材料,在一定程度上提升了不锈钢/钛合金结合强度,为其在更广泛工程领域的应用提供了支撑．

Abstract

As typical engineering materials, stainless steel and titanium alloy are widely used in the aerospace industry, chemical engineering, electric power, nuclear energy, marine equipment, and other fields. The gradient materials prepared from these two materials exhibit multiple excellent properties. However, the strength, especially the tensile strength, of stainless steel/titanium alloy gradient materials prepared by wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)is relatively low. Therefore, the 304L/TC4 gradient material with IN625 as the intermediate material was prepared by WAAM, and a small amount of Nb was introduced to the IN625-to-TC4 transition region to control the phases. The microstructure, elemental distribution, and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The results show that the 304L/TC4 gradient material can be successfully prepared with IN625 as the intermediate material. On the 304L/IN625 side, with the change in material composition, the phase gradually transitions from γ-Fe＋α-Fe to γ-Ni. On the IN625/TC4 side, because of the poor mutual solubility of Ti-Ni, the phases in different zones are as follows in sequence: γ-Ni→γ-Ni＋TiNi₃＋(Cr, Mo)＋Laves→TiNi＋TiNi₃(short rod-like)＋(Cr, Mo)→TiNi＋TiNi₃(network-like)＋(Cr, Mo)→TiNi＋Ti₂Ni＋(Cr, Mo)→β-Ti＋Ti₂Ni→β-Ti＋Ti₂Ni＋α-Ti→β-Ti＋α-Ti. The microhardness of the gradient material from 304L to TC4 first increases and then decreases as a whole. The maximum hardness of 812HV_0.5 is reached in the 40% TC4 deposit layer, which is attributed to the formation of a large number of network-like TiNi₃ phases and TiNi₃＋(Cr, Mo)phases in this deposit layer. The average tensile strength of the gradient material is 201 MPa, and the average elongation is 1.9%. The fracture mode is a brittle fracture, and the fracture occurs in the first layer of the 100% TC4 deposit layer, whose main phase is β-Ti＋Ti₂Ni. This study proposes the preparation of 304L/TC4 gradient materials with IN625 as the intermediate material through WAAM, which improves the tensile strength of stainless steel/titanium alloy to some extent and provides support for its application in a wider range of engineering fields.

关键词

电弧增材制造 / 304L/TC4梯度材料 / 微观组织 / 力学性能

Key words

wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) / 304L/TC4 gradient material / microstructure / mechanical property

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52375374)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52174369)