三明治式 PCB 绕组永磁同步电机设计分析

Design Analysis of Sandwich-Type PCB Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

摘要

传统印刷电路版(PCB)电机属定子无铁心电机，存在电感小、控制困难的问题．为此，本文提出了一种三明治式 PCB 电机，该电机的定子结构由集中绕组与分布绕组轴向堆叠而成，并在集中绕组中心放置软磁材料．为了分析电机的运行原理，利用有限元软件建立电机的精确模型，并对其磁场分布、电感特性及转矩品质等关键电磁性能进行仿真计算．为进一步提升电机性能，以平均转矩与转矩脉动为优化目标，构建响应面模型，结合多目标优化算法对绕组、软磁材料尺寸等关键参数进行多参数协同优化设计．在此基础上，对比分析三明治式 PCB 电机与传统 PCB 电机的磁场分布、转矩特性及电感等电磁特性．研究结果表明，三明治式 PCB 电机空载反电动势满足叠加定理，电磁转矩不再满足叠加定理；且通过合理设计集中绕组与铁心的几何参数能够有效削弱转矩脉动，优化后的转矩脉动下降了 72.79%；此外，所提出的三明治式 PCB 电机的电感得到显著提升，约为传统 PCB 电机电感的 60 倍，从而有利于电机的精准控制，使电机运行更加稳定．

Abstract

Traditional printed circuit board(PCB) machines are coreless machines with the problem of low inductance and difficult control. To address this issue，a sandwich-type PCB machine was developed. The stator structure of this machine consisted of concentrated winding and distributed winding stacked axially. A soft magnetic material was placed at the center of the concentrated winding. To analyze the machine's operating principle，a precise model was built，and electromagnetic performance parameters，including magnetic field distribution，inductance characteristics，and torque quality，were determined using finite element software. To further enhance the machine performance，a response surface model was constructed with the average torque and torque pulsation as the optimization objectives. Multi-objective optimization algorithms were combined to refine key parameters-such as winding dimensions and soft magnetic material sizes-through a multi-parameter design process. The magnetic field distribution，torque characteristics，and inductance of the sandwich-type PCB machine were compared with those of a traditional PCB machine. The findings of this study indicated that the no-load back electromotive force of sandwich-type PCB machines satisfied the superposition theorem，whereas the electromagnetic torque no longer complied. Moreover，by rationally designing the geometric parameters of the concentrated windings and the core，the torque ripple was effectively mitigated，achieving a 72.79% reduction after optimization. Furthermore，the inductance of the proposed sandwich-type PCB machine was significantly enhanced，reaching 60 times that of the traditional PCB machine. This was beneficial for precise control and stable machine operation.

关键词

轴向磁场永磁电机 / 印刷电路版绕组 / 响应面模型 / 电感

Key words

axial flux permanent magnet machine / printed circuit board(PCB) winding / response surface model / inductance

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577125)