水生态健康评价中基准的确定方法探究

Investigation of the methodology for determining the ecological benchmark in water ecological health assessment

摘要

【目的】水生态健康评价是统筹水资源、水环境、水生态治理的重要途径，其往往通过一系列定量化的指标来评价水生态健康状况。生态基准作为水生态健康状况的衡量标准，为水生态健康状况变化提供一个“基线”。兼具科学与合理性的生态基准的确定通常考虑将水生态系统的生态理想状况与人类管理需求相结合，旨在提升水生态健康评价的准确性。【方法】从生态基准的概念与参照状态的四种形式出发，梳理了几种典型的基准确定方法，并比较了各自的特点和优劣。梳理、总结、分析物理生境、理化性质、水生生物三大类指标基准的确定方法。【结果】重点阐述了生态基准确定在长江流域不同水生态系统中的实际应用效果和成效，对比了我国不同管理部门出台的水生态评价相关标准/细则的异同。讨论了生态基准确定存在的难点，如参照点位的选择，监测指标的选取，监测数据的积累，基准确定的区域差异性及确定的创新方法。【结论】生态基准确定方法多且较为复杂，尚未形成统一的规范，未来的研究要结合大数据和人工智能等先进技术，以实现科学、准确、差异化制定，为我国的水生态健康评价提供参考和技术支撑。

Abstract

[Objective] Water ecological health assessment is an important way of integrating water resources, water environment and water ecosystem management, often through a series of quantitative indicators to assess the state of water ecosystems. Benchmarks provide a “baseline” for changes in ecological health. The identification of ecological benchmarks that are both scientifically sound and reasonable often considers the ecological desirability of water ecosystems in conjunction with human management needs, with the aim of improving the accuracy of water ecological health assessments.[Methods] From the concept of baseline and the four forms of references, several typical baseline determination method are sorted out, and their respective characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are compared. It combs, summarizes and analyzes the determination method of benchmarks for three major categories of indicators: physical habitat, physical and chemical properties, and aquatic organisms.[Results] The practical application of ecological benchmarking in different aquatic ecosystems in the Yangtze River Basin is emphasized, and the similarities and differences of the water ecological assessment related standards/by-laws issued by different management departments in China are compared. Difficulties in ecological baseline determination are discussed, such as the selection of reference sites, the selection of monitoring indicators, the accumulation of monitoring data, the regional variability of baseline determination and innovative method of determination.[Conclusion] The ecological benchmark determination method are relatively complex, and have not yet formed a unified specification, future research should be combined with advanced technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence, in order to achieve scientific, accurate and differentiated formulation, and to provide reference and technical support for the evaluation of water ecological health in China.

关键词

水生态健康 / 生态基准 / 参照点位法 / 预测模型法 / 影响因素

Key words

water ecological health / ecological benchmark / reference site method / predictive model method / influencing factors

基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3202000)

国家杰出青年科学基金项目(52025092)

国家自然科学基金创新群体项目(52221003)