冻融循环作用对混凝土侵蚀及性能劣化研究综述

Review of influence of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete erosion and performance deterioration

摘要

【目的】冻融循环作用下混凝土性能劣化机理、影响因素及防控措施是土木工程材料科学领域的核心问题，也一直是国际上研究的热点。自20世纪30年代以来，混凝土性能对冻融循环的劣化响应机制等问题得到广泛研究，为混凝土结构耐久性设计提供了丰富的理论依据。【方法】通过文献检索归纳，并结合工程实践经验，系统总结了混凝土冻融性能劣化的主要理论假说，包括静水压假说、渗透压假说、热力学假说和临界水饱和度理论等，分析了冻融循环对混凝土力学性能、氯离子扩散性能以及本构关系的影响，并基于有关研究成果构建了理论框架和知识图谱。【结果】大量研究认为，冻融循环通过静水压、渗透压和热力学效应等多重机制破坏混凝土微观结构，导致孔隙率增加、微裂缝扩展，并最终引发宏观性能劣化；在力学性能方面，冻融循环会导致混凝土强度、弹性模量等力学性能指标下降，其中抗折强度对冻融循环作用最为敏感；在氯离子扩散方面，冻融循环会加速混凝土中氯离子的传输，增加混凝土内氯离子浓度及扩散系数。此外，冻融循环还会导致混凝土本构关系发生变化，呈现“峰值应力降低、峰值应变增大”的典型特征。在系统综述基础上，对混凝土冻融侵蚀研究趋势进行了展望，并提出了需要深化研究的问题。【结论】系统综述冻融循环作用下混凝土氯离子侵蚀及性能劣化的研究进展，总结混凝土材料参数优化设计、混凝土表面物化处理等相应的防控措施，对于促进混凝土研究领域发展，提升混凝土材料设计水平是很有必要的。

Abstract

[Objective] The deterioration mechanisms, influencing factors, and preventive measures of concrete performance under freeze-thaw cycles are core issues in the field of civil engineering materials science and have long been international research hotspots. Since the 1930 s, extensive research on the deterioration response mechanisms of concrete to freeze-thaw cycles has provided a solid theoretical basis for the durability design of concrete structures. [Methods] Through literature review and engineering practice experience, the primary theoretical hypotheses of concrete performance deterioration under freeze-thaw cycles are systematically summarized, including hydrostatic pressure hypothesis, osmotic pressure hypothesis, thermodynamic hypothesis, and critical water saturation theory. The influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties, chloride diffusion performance, and constitutive relationships of concrete is analyzed. Additionally, a theoretical framework and knowledge map are constructed based on relevant research findings. [Results] Extensive research indicates that freeze-thaw cycles damage the microstructure of concrete through multiple mechanisms including hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and thermodynamic effects, leading to increased porosity, microcrack propagation, and ultimately macroscopic performance deterioration. Regarding mechanical properties, freeze-thaw cycles reduce mechanical indicators such as strength and elastic modulus, with flexural strength exhibiting the highest sensitivity. In terms of chloride diffusion, freeze-thaw cycles accelerate chloride ion transport within concrete, increasing both the internal chloride concentration and diffusion coefficient. Additionally, freeze-thaw cycles alter the constitutive relationship of concrete, exhibiting the typical characteristics of “reduced peak stress and increased peak strain”. Based on the systematic review, future research trends in the freeze-thaw damage of concrete are discussed, and key issues requiring in-depth investigation are proposed. [Conclusion] The research progress on chloride ion erosion and performance deterioration of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles is systematically reviewed, and corresponding preventive measures such as optimization of concrete material parameters and physicochemical surface treatments of concrete are summarized. These efforts are essential to promote development in concrete research and improve the design level of concrete materials.

关键词

冻融循环 / 性能劣化 / 混凝土 / 材料耐久性 / 氯离子扩散系数 / 影响因素 / 渗透压 / 力学性能

Key words

freeze-thaw cycles / performance deterioration / concrete / material durability / chloride diffusion coefficient / influencing factors / osmotic pressure / mechanical properties

基金资助

河南省中原学者工作站资助项目(244400510011)

国家重点研发计划“生态系统风水复合侵蚀协同阻控与治理模式示范”(2022YFF1300805)

黄科院院长基金项目(HKY-JBYW-2024-04)

陕西省水资源与环境重点实验室资助项目(SXSWREKLORP-2023-01)